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HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Neurologic Disease and Disorders > Flashcards

Neurologic Disease and Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the etiologies of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke?

A
  • (cerebral arethoma) fibrous atheromatous plaque occludes artery -> hypoxia
  • (cerebral embolism) atrial fibrillation releases embolus, peripheral embolus, foreign body -> brain hypoxia
  • (cerebral hemorrhage) aneurysm ruptures -> blood compresses local arteries
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2
Q

What are the clinical features of a cerebrovascular accident (or CVA)?

A

S/S:

  • aphasia/dysphasia, confusion
  • hemiparesis, dizziness, incoordination
  • severe headache
  • unequal pupils, diplopia

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- MRI, CT, cerebral angriography, or EEG may be positive

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3
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke?

A

TREATMENT:

  • early aspirin or heparin
  • cerebral angioplasty
  • antiarrhythmic drugs

PROGNOSIS
- some permanent disability may remain

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4
Q

What are the etiologies of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

cholesterol emoblism, fibrin plaque embolism, aterial spasm, or minute blood clot -> temporary cerebral ischemia -> embolism broken down

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5
Q

What are the clinical features of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

S/S:

  • aphasia/dysphasia, confusion
  • hemiparesis, dizziness, loss of balance
  • headache
  • blurry vision, diplopia, unequal pupils
  • lasts for <24 hrs

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- MRI, CT, EEG. and carotid ultrasonography may show carotid embolus

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6
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

TREATMENT:

  • aspirn, heparin
  • possible cerebral angioplasty

PROGNOSIS:
- varies, but future CVAs may occur without lifestyle changes

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7
Q

What are the etiologies of an epidural and a subdural hematoma?

A
  • (epidural) blunt force trauma -> ruptures blood vessels above dura mater
  • (subdural) sudden acceleration or deceleration -> ruptures blood vessels between dura and arachnoid maters
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8
Q

What are the clinical features of an epidural hematoma and a subdural hematoma?

A

S/S:
- (epidural) drowsiness, possible coma, nausea, vomiting, hemiparesis, and headache within 3 hours

  • (subdural) same as epidural, but delayed onset

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- CT, MRI, and cerebral angiography may reveal hematoma

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9
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for an epidural hematoma and a subdural hematoma?

A

TREATMENT:
- craniotomy and/or trephination

PROGNOSIS:
- risk of brain hypoxia and death

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10
Q

What’s the etiology of a cerebral concussion?

A

direct blow to head -> shears neurons and interferes with membrane potential -> abnormal electrical

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11
Q

What are the clinical features of a cerebral concussion?

A

S/S:

  • loss of consciousness with shallow breathing and slow pulse
  • amnesia, irratbility, nausea, headache, diplopia, photophobia, irritability

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- CT rules out contusion

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12
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a cerebral concussion?

A

TREATMENT:
- quiet bed rest

PROGNOSIS:

  • varies with insult
  • risk of postconcussion syndrome
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13
Q

What’s the etiology of a cerebral contusion?

A

direct blow to head -> shearing force ruptures blood vessels

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14
Q

What are the clinical features of a cerebral contusion?

A

S/S:
- increasing drowsiness, irritability, hemiparesis, headache

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- CT scan reveals hemorrhaging

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15
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a cerebral contusion?

A

TREATMENT:
- craniotomy

PROGNOSIS:

  • unpredictable
  • complications of intellectual impairment, paralysis, and epilepsy
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16
Q

What are the etiologies of a depressed skull fracture?

A

ETIOLOGY:

1) direct blow to head -> depressed skull fracture (section pressing into brain)

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17
Q

What are the clinical features of a depressed skull fracture?

A

S/S:

  • (unchanging) confusion, irritability, nausea, vomiting, hemiplegia, loss of balance, severe headache, visual disturbances
  • battle sign, raccoon eyes, bleeding from ears, eyes, or nose

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • cranial x-ray may reveal fracture
  • CT may reveal cerebral edema
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18
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a depressed skull fracture?

A

TREATMENT:
- craniotomy

PROGNOSIS:
- varies with insult, but best with prompt treatment

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19
Q

What are the etiologies of paraplegia and quadreplegia?

A

ETIOLOGY:

  • (Paraplegia) vertical compression or hyperflexion of T1-L5 vertebrae
  • (Quadriplegia) hyperflexion or hyperextension of C5-C7 vertebrae
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20
Q

What are the clinical features of paraplegia and quadriplegia?

A

S/S:

  • (Paraplegia) paralysis and numbness below waist, loss of bowel/bladder/sexual function
  • (Quadriplegia) trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs paralyzed/numb, loss of bowel/bladder/sexual function, bradycardia and respiratory issues

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- spinal radiography, MRI, and CT may reveal damage

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21
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of paraplegia and quadriplegia?

A

TREATMENT:
- spine board, corticosteroids, hypothermia of area

PROGNOSIS:
- outcome variable, but better with earlier treatment

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22
Q

What are the etiologies of degenerative disk disease?

A

ETIOLOGY:
1) aging leads to reduced fluid in disk -> mechanical friction of disk -> inflammation and possible nerve root canal stenosis

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23
Q

What are the clinical features of degenerative disk disease?

A

S/S:
1) intractable pain along dermatome, numbness and weakness, possible incontinence

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • MRI and myelography may reveal disk status
  • electromyography may reveal nerve function
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24
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of degenerative disk diseases?

A

TREATMENT:

  • NSAIDs, lidocaine patches, opioids
  • transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), or implantable spinal cord stimulator (SCS)

PROGNOSIS:

  • variable
  • possible sequlae of spinal stenosis
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25
Q

What are the etiologies of a bulging disk and a herniated disk?

A

age or trauma ->

(if bulging) annulus fibrosus compresses spinal cord

(if herniated) annulus fibrosis ruptures -> nucleus pulposus compresses spinal cord

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26
Q

What are the clinical features of a bulging disk and a herniated disk?

A

S/S:
- radiating pain down lower extremities, numbness or paresthesia, dermatome weakness

DIAGNOSIS:

  • positive straight leg test
  • MRI, CT, or myelography reveals condition
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27
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a bulging or herniated disk?

A

TREATMENT:

  • NSAIDs, corticosteroids
  • percutaneous diskectomy, microdiskectomy, diskectomy, or laminectomy

PROGNOSIS

  • degeneration unavoidable
  • usually good with treatment
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28
Q

What are the etiologies of a sciatic nerve injury?

A
  • (degenerative) osteoarthritis -> spinal stenosis and osteophytes
  • (herniated or bulging disk) nucleus pulposus compresses sciatic nerve
  • (trauma) body mechanics, gunshot, or stabbing leads to sciatic nerve damage
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29
Q

What are the clinical features of a sciatic nerve injury?

A

S/S:
- continuous/intermittent pain along lower back and legs, numbness, weakness

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • positive straight leg test
  • MRI, CT, or myelography may reveal stenosis
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30
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a sciatic nerve injury?

A

TREATMENT:

  • physical therapy, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, muscle relaxants, opioids
  • (if herniating) percutaneous discectomy, microdiskectomy, complete diskectomy, lumbar laminectomy, or chemonucleolysis

PROGNOSIS
- varies with insult, but disk degeneration is unavoidable

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31
Q

What are the etiologies of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

ETIOLOGY:

- linked to death of substantial nigra and nerve endings -> insufficient dopamine and norepinephrine

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32
Q

What are the clinical features of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

S/S:
- tremors, dyskinesia (involuntary movements), shuffling gait, loss of coordination, gradual personality changes

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- neurologic examination may suggest Parkinsons

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33
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of Parkinson’s Disease

A

TREATMENT:

  • levodopa
  • deep brain stimulation (DBS)

PROGNOSIS:
- death may occur 10 years after diagnosis

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34
Q

What are the etiologies of Huntingon’s Chorea?

A

autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 4 -> unclear mechanisms -> progressive neural death

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35
Q

What are the clinical features of Huntington’s Chorea?

A

S/S:
- loss of motor control, loss of balance, difficulty swallowing, gradual personality changes (behavioral, emotional, and memory changes)

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • neurological examination suggests Huntingtons
  • CT reveals brain atrophy
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36
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of Huntington’s Chorea?

A

TREATMENT:
- haloperidol, atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines

PROGNOSIS:
- death may occur 10 to 30 years after diagnosis

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37
Q

What are the etiologies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

uncertain, but possibly autosomal traits -> degeneration of motor areas and neurons

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38
Q

What are the clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (or ALS)?

A

S/S:
1) fasciculations, motor atrophy, dysphonia, dysphagia, dyspnea

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- electromyography and muscle biopsy suggests ALS

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39
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of ALS?

A

TREATMENT:
- riluzole, muscle relaxants

PROGNOSIS:
- death may occur 6-10 years after diagnosis

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40
Q

What are the etiologies of peripheral neuropathy (or peripheral neuritis)?

A

nutritional deficiencies, infections, inflammatory conditions, metabolic disorders, chronic alcohol intoxication -> PNS degeneration

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41
Q

What are the clinical features of peripheral neuropathy?

A

S/S:
- numbness and weakness in hands and feet, muscular atrophy, loss of balance

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- blood tests and radiography may help reveal underlying cause

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42
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of peripheral neuropathy?

A

TREATMENT:

  • treat underlying causes
  • anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants

PROGNOSIS:
- relieved with treatment

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43
Q

What is the pathogenesis of poliomyeletitis and subsequently post-polio syndrome?

A

poliovirus enters through sinuses -> gastrointestinal tract -> reproduces in lymphoid tissue -> hematic spread to anterior horn cells of spinal cord

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44
Q

What are the clinical features of poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome?

A

S/S:
- fever, malaise, nausea, muscle weakness, stiff neck, possible atrophy and paralysis

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- positive throat or fecal culture

45
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of poliomyelitis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • prevent with Salk/Sabin vaccines
  • analgesics
  • mechnical ventilator
46
Q

What are the etiologies of trigeminal neuralgia (or Tic Douloureox)?

A

multiple sclerosis, neoplasm compresses against nerve -> demyelination of trigeminal nerve -> abnormal activity

47
Q

What are the clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia (or tic douloureox)?

A

S/S:
- transient intense pain along ophthalmic, maxillary, and/or mandibular branches triggered by stimulation

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- signs/symptoms present

48
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of trigeminal neuralgia (or tic douloureox)?

A

TREATMENT:

  • carbamazepine
  • surgical excision of trigeminal nerve

PROGNOSIS:

  • varies with etiology
  • possible spontaneous resolution
49
Q

What are the etiologies of Bell’s Palsy?

A

inflammatino of bony canal -> entrapped CN VII

50
Q

What are the clinical features of Bell’s Palsy?

A

S/S:
1) unilateral facial paralysis, impaired taste, pain or pressure behind ear

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • presence of signs/symptoms suggest Bell’s Palsy
  • imaging techniques must rule out stroke
51
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of Bell’s Palsy?

A

TREATMENT:

  • predisone
  • electrotherapy to prevent atrophy

PROGNOSIS:
- complete recovery possible, but residual effects may remain

52
Q

What are the etiologies of meningitis?

A
  • (if bacterial) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, or Haemophilus infleunza
  • (if viral) HSV or West Nile virus infection
  • infection of dura and arachnoid maters
53
Q

What are the clinical features of meningitis?

A

S/S:
- high fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, photophobia, irritability, possible seizures

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • postive Kernig Sign and Brudzinski Sign
  • lumbar puncture reveals elevated WBCs in CSF
  • positive CSF culture
54
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of meningitis?

A

TREATMENT:
- IV antibiotics, glucocorticoids, NSAIDs

PROGNOSIS:
- varies on pathogen and therapeutic response

55
Q

What are the etiologies of encephalitis?

A

Eastern Equine virus, Western Equine virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis ecephalitis virus transmitted via mosquito bite -> infects brain

56
Q

What are the clinical features of encephalitis?

A

S/S:
- high fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, photophobia, visual disturbances, seizures

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • lumbar puncture reveals elevated CSF WBCs
  • positive CSF culture
  • CT scan shows cerebral swelling
57
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of encephalitis?

A

TREATMENT:
- NSAIDs, antipyretics, anticonvulsants

PROGNOSIS:
- unpredictable, risk of residual brain damage

58
Q

What are the etiologies of a brain abscess?

A

staphyloccal, streptococcal, or pneumococcal bacteria invades through direct wound or through circulation

59
Q

What are the clinical features of a brain abscess?

A

S/S:
- severe headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, nuchal rigidity, seizures

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • EEG or CT reveals abscess
  • diagnosis through lumbar puncture contraindicated
60
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a brain abscess?

A

TREATMENT:
- IV antibiotics, glucocorticoids, surgical drainage

PROGNOSIS:

  • varies with location, size, and etiology of abscess
  • danger of increased intracranial pressure
61
Q

What are the etiologies of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

respiratory or gastrointestinal infection -> suspected autoimmune activity with demyelination

62
Q

What are the clinical features of Guillen-Barre syndrome?

A

S/S:
- (1-3 weeks after infection) peripheral paresthesia, muscle pain and weaknes -> ascending paralysis, possible dyspnea or dysphagia

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- lumbar puncture reveals elevated CSF protein levels with normal WBCs

63
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of Guillen-barre syndrome?

A

TREATMENT:

  • plasmapharesis
  • IV immune globulin

PROGNOSIS:
- complete recovery common

64
Q

What are some possible causes of transient global amnesia (or TGA)?

A

cold-water immersion, sexual intercourse, driving a motor vehicle, intense emotional or physical events

65
Q

What are the clinical features of transient global amnesia (or TGA)?

A

S/S:
- failure to retrieve recent or previous events, possible headache (wanes after about 6-12 hours)

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- neurologic examination negative for stroke and seizure

66
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for transient global amnesia (or TGA)?

A

TREATMENT:
- comfort and support patient

PROGNOSIS:
- spontaneously resovling, unlikely to recur

67
Q

What are some possible etiologies of migraines?

A

suspected hereditary factors -> vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation

68
Q

What are the clinical features of migraines?

A

S/S:

  • (precedes attack) visual auras (partial darkness, flashing lights), fatigue, irritability
  • intense headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and sound

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- MRI, CT, and EEG rule out other conditions

69
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of migraines?

A

TREATMENT:

  • bed rest, vasoconstrictors, antiemetics
  • calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors

PROGNOSIS:
- good with compliance to treatment

70
Q

What are some possible etiologies of epilepsy?

A

genetic factors, OR drug toxicity, hypoglycemia, neoplasms, or strokes (hypoxia-induced)

-> abnormal electrical activity of brain

71
Q

What are the clinical features of epilepsy?

A

S/S:

  • (if localized) abnormal activity of specific muscle groups, behavioral disturbances, or visual disturbances
  • (if generalized) absent seizure or tonic-clonic activity

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • EEG and FMRI reveal abnormal activity
  • CT or skull radiography may reveal structural causes
  • serum tests may reveal metabolic or chemical causes
72
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for epilepsy?

A

TREATMENT:

  • anticonvulsants
  • vagus nerve stimulator (VNS)

PROGNOSIS:

  • varies, but manageable with therapy
  • poor if status elipticus
73
Q

What are some suspected causes of restless leg syndrome?

A

being more than 50 years old, anemia, stressful life events

74
Q

What are the clinical features of restless leg syndrome?

A

S/S:

  • uncomfortable sensation in legs at night or while sitting
  • sensation relieved by movement

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • (if anemic) blood tests may reveal low iron levels
  • drugs and secondary causes ruled out
75
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of restless leg syndrome?

A

TREATMENT:

  • manage anemia or stress
  • cold compress and regular exercise

PROGNOSIS:
- condition is lifelong and may worsen with age

76
Q

What are some possible causes of a headache?

A
  • (if tension) strain of neck, scalp, and facial muscles
  • (if vascular) edema of cerebral arteries -> vascular headache
  • (if cephalgia) underlying condition
77
Q

What are the clinical features of a headache?

A

S/S:
- mild to severe pressure pain, throbbing pain, or penetrating pain in occipital, temporal, and frontal regions

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- patient history may identify an underlying cause

78
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of headaches?

A

TREATMENT:
- analgesics, mild tranquilizers, muscle relaxants

PROGNOSIS:
- good, but uncertain if intractable headache

79
Q

What are the risk factors and etiologies of an intracranial tumour?

A

RISK FACTORS:
- inherited cancer syndromes and prior ionizing radiation therapy (but more risk factors suspected)

ETIOLOGY:

  • (glioma) glial cell proliferation
  • (meningioma) arachnoid cell proliferation
  • (embyronal) pluripotent stem cell malignancy during childhood
80
Q

What are the clinical features of an intracranial tumor?

A

S/S:
- (varies on site of tumor) headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, cognitive dysfunction, visual dysfunction, somatosensory or motor dysfunction, aphasia

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • MRI and PET may detect tumor
  • biopsy may identify histology and malignancy
81
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for an intracranial tumor?

A

TREATMENT:

  • surgical resection followed by chemoradiation therapy
  • anticolvusants
  • corticosteroids to reduce edema

PROGNOSIS:

  • varies greatly with histology, location, and size
  • gliomas have a 5.5% 5-year-survival rate
82
Q

What are the etiologies of cerebral palsy (CP)?

A

inadequate blood or oxygen supply to brain (via infection, trauma, placental insufficiency) from fetal development to age 9

83
Q

What are the clinical features of cerebral palsy (CP)?

A

S/S:

  • (if spastic) rapid muscle contractions
  • (if athetoid) dyskinesia with muscle atonicity
  • (if ataxic) poor control of voluntary movements
  • possible cognitive, learning, hearing, or visual impairment

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- neurologic examination

84
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of cerebral palsy?

A

TREATMENT:

  • orthopedic intervention
  • physical therapy, possible speech and/or education therapy

PROGNOSIS:
- generally most children survive into adulthood

85
Q

What are the etiologies of spina bifida?

A

folic acid deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, ionozing radiation therapy - > neural tube developmental defect

86
Q

What are the clinical features of spina bifida?

A

S/S:

  • (if occulta) asymptomatic, possible tuft of hair
  • (if meningocele) visble sac, possible rupturing
  • (if myelomeningocele) visible sac, musculoskeletal malformation and paralysis

DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
- spinal radiography -> electromyography if myelomeningocele

87
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of spina bifida?

A

TREATMENT:
- surgical intervention

PROGNOSIS:

  • good if occulta
  • good with treatment if meningocele
  • permanent nerve damage is probable if myelomeningocele
88
Q

What are the etiologies of hydrocephalus?

A
  • (if communicative) infection, hemorrhage or blood clot impairs subarachnoid CSF circulation -> accumulation of CSF
  • (if obstructive) congenital defect or lesion of ventricular circulation -> accumulation of CSF in ventricles
89
Q

What are the clinical features of hydrocephalus?

A

S/S:
- bulging fontanels, nausea and vomiting, intense pain (crying in infants)

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- skull radiography shows ventricular or subarachnoid swelling

90
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for hydrocephalus?

A

TREATMENT:
- peritoneal or right-atrial shunt

PROGNOSIS:
- most children function normally in society

91
Q

What is the etiology of Reye syndrome?

A

(unclear, affected children) linked with aspirin use during influenza A/B or chickenpox infections -> disruption in uric cycle

92
Q

What are the clinical features of Reye syndrome?

A

S/S:

1) lethargy, irritability, vomiting
2) hyperventilation, convulsions, hepatic dysfunction
3) organ changes and coma
4) deeper coma, loss of cerebral functions
5) seizures and respiratory arrest

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- blood tests show elevated NH3

93
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of Reye syndrome?

A

TREATMENT:
- hospitalize patient, possible mechanical ventilation

PROGNOSIS:
- early treatment significantly reduces mortality rate

94
Q

What are the etiologies of neuroblastoma?

A

currently unknown, but maternal and gestational factors involved -> malignancy of SNS (usually in abdomen) during childhood

95
Q

What are the clinical features of neuroblastoma?

A

S/S:
- fever, weight loss, abdominal mass, abdominal pain, bone pain, possible hypertension, periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes)

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • serum tests may reveal elevated catecholamine levels
  • biopsy reveals histology
  • CT may assist in staging
96
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of neuroblastoma?

A

TREATMENT:

  • surgical resection
  • chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy, possible HSCT

PROGNOSIS:
- better if earlier onset

97
Q

What’s the etiology of rabies?

A

rabies virus transmitted via mammal bite, scratch, or urine -> virus travels along PNS to CNS, incubates from 1 month to a year

98
Q

What are the clinical features of rabies?

A

S/S:

- (occurs during late course) fever, headache, agitation, hydrophobia, difficulty swallowing, partial paralysis

99
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of rabies?

A

TREATMENT:
- immunoglulin injections with 5 vaccinations

PROGNOSIS:
- fatal if symptoms occur

100
Q

What’s the etiology of botulism?

A

anaerobic Clostridium botulinum transmitted via eating home-canned foods, puncture wounds -> releases botulinum toxin that inhibits motor neurons

101
Q

What are the clinical features of botulism?

A

S/S:
- atonicity, dysphagia, dysphonia, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting,

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- botulism antibodies found through blood test

102
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of botulism?

A

TREATMENT:

  • botulinum antitoxin
  • possible mechanical ventilation

PROGNOSIS:
- best with earlier treatment

103
Q

What are the etiologies of fibromyalgia?

A

(unclear) linked to increased substance P, decreased seretonin, and decreased REM -> abnormal CNS pain processing

104
Q

What are the clinical features of fibromyalgia?

A

S/S:
- chronic aching in muscles, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, depression, possible GI or urinary distress

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- blood testing rule out other pathologies

105
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of fibromyalgia?

A

TREATMENT:

  • anticonvulsants, antidepressants, NSAIDs
  • physical exercise and stress reduction

PROGNOSIS:
- good with treatment, musculoskeletal deformity not expected

106
Q

What are the diagnostic tests you would perform for meningitis?

A
  • Brudzinksi test
  • Kermit test
  • Lumbar tap (check for elevated WBCs and bacterial/viral culture)
107
Q

What’s the suspected etiology of multiple sclerosis?

A

genetic factors -> autoantibodies produced against myelin in reponse to viral infection

108
Q

What are the clinical features and types of multiple sclerosis?

A

S/S:

  • weakness and numbness, vision problems, dysphonia, dysphagia, emotional disturbances, vertigo
  • may be relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive, or progressive-relapsing

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- cerebral or spinal plaque found through MRI

109
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of multiple sclerosis (or MS)?

A

TREATMENT:

  • corticosteroids and immunosuppressants
  • muscle relaxants, vitamin B supplements, orthopedic interventions

PROGNOSIS:
- bad if male, late onset, and progressive disease

HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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