Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pediatrics > Neurologic Disorders > Flashcards

Neurologic Disorders Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • controls visceral activities
  • comprised of sympathetic/parasympathetic systems, with opposite effects on same organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • “fight or flight”
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • slows activity, decreases metabolic rate
  • acetylcholine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathophysiology and Defense Mechanisms

A
  • nervous system is related to all parts of the body
  • neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, glutamate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Assessment of the Nervous System - History

A
  • onset
  • pain and/or headache
  • sensory deficits
  • injury
  • reflexive responses
  • behavioral changes
  • motor/balance changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Assessment of the Nervous System - Medical History

A
  • prenatal
  • birth history/neonatal course
  • injuries/infections
  • cardiovascular/respiratory disorders
  • environmental exposure to toxins
  • metabolic disorders
  • past neurologic diseases/tests
  • drug ingestion
  • urinary tract disease
  • physical growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Assessment of the Nervous System - Family Disease History

A
  • similar symptoms/pedigree
  • consanguinity
  • migraine history
  • intellectual functioning of family members
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specifics of the Neurological Examination

A
  1. Behavior and mental status
  2. Cranial nerve function
  3. Motor examination
  4. Sensory examination
  5. Reflexes
  6. Cranium examination
  7. Autonomic nervous system
  8. Meningeal signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diagnostic Studies for Neurologic Disorders

A
  • CT/MRI
  • Laboratory studies for systemic disease, infection, inflammation
  • lumbar puncture
  • electroencephalogram
  • US in infants
  • polysomnography, electromyography, nerve conduction, evoked responses, cerebral arteriography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • chronic, relapsing disorder of the CNS
  • demyelination of brain, spinal cord, optic nerves
  • rare before the age of 10
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms

A
  • unilateral weakness, ataxia, other cerebellar symptoms
  • symptoms last more than 24 hours
  • HA
  • motor symtoms: vague parasthesias
  • visual disturbances
  • vertigo, dysarthria, sphincter disturbances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - Diagnostic Studies

A
  1. Neuroimaging
  2. Lumbar puncture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - Management

A
  1. Corticosteroids
  2. IVIG
  3. Plasmapheresis
  4. Monoclonal antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A
  • nonreversible disorder
  • chronic, nonprogressive; impairs control of movement
  • may have disturbances in sensation, perception, cognition, communication, behavior
  • epilepsy, musculoskeletal problems may be present
  • degree of brain injury individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Three Types of Cerebral Palsy

A
  1. Spastic - muscle stiffening and tightness
  2. Athetoid - involuntary, purposeless muscle movement
  3. Ataxic - affects balance and coordination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cerebral Palsy - Clinical Findings

A
  1. Prenatal/natal history
  2. Seizures
  3. Hearing, vision problems
  4. Change in growth parameters, head circumference
  5. Early head injury or meningitis
  6. Developmental milestones
  7. Functional health problems - feeding, irritability, movement difficulties, persistent primitive reflexes, communication
  8. Orthopedic exams - scoliosis, fractures, dislocations
  9. Neurologic exam - DTR, tone, atrophy, fasciculations, asymmetric movements, head size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebral Palsy - Diagnostic Studies

A
  • imaging studies
  • chromosomal and metabolic studies
  • lumbar puncture if sepsis is suspected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cerebral Palsy Prevention

A
  • good prenatal care and screening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Management of Cerebral Palsy

A
  • referral of suspected cases
  • family education/support/financial resources
  • nutrition/elimination
  • dentistry/drooling
  • respiratory, skin, mobility, vision, communication, pain, osteopenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bell Palsy

Study These Flashcards
A
  • sudden, acute unilateral paralysis/weakening of facial nerve without sensory loss
  • viral etiology suspected
  • onset rapid; may last 1-9 weeks; spontaneous remission
21
Q

Bell Palsy - History

Study These Flashcards
A
  • localized pain
  • swelling in one ear
  • sagging of face
  • URI within previous 2 weeks/exposure to cold temperatures
22
Q

Clinical Findings of Bell Palsy

Study These Flashcards
A
  • unilateral motor changes - forehead, cheek, perioral
  • normal BP
  • dribbling liquids from weak side/eating difficult
  • hypersensitivity to noise
  • eyelid fails to close on affected side
  • lacrimation, taste, salivation impaired
  • no limb weakness
  • herpes lesions on affected side
23
Q

Bell Palsy Diagnostic Studies

Study These Flashcards
A

Not indicated

24
Q

Management of Bell Palsy

Study These Flashcards
A
  • methylcellulose eye drops
  • steroids in newly diagnosed patients
25
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
- misfiring of cortical neurons of brain - convulsive: episodes of involuntary contraction of voluntary muscles - recurrent, unprovoked = "epilepsy" - multiple etiologies: genetic, symptomatic, idiopathic conditions
26
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders - History
- description of seizure - underlying medical diagnoses - pervious CNS infection or birth trauma - intrauterine infection, trauma, bleeding - toxic exposure, drug use - anticonvulsant medication stopped abruptly, doses missed, change in brands - recent head injury - family history - milestones
27
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders - Clinical Findings
- focal abnormalities/weakness - seizure activity during exam - hypertension - systemic disease - cardiovascular disease - neurocutaneous disease - signs of head trauma - transillumination of skull in infants
28
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders - Diagnostic Studies
- CBC, LFTs - Metabolic screen later in workup - Blood glucose - Urine/serum toxicology - LP if younger than 6 months - EG - MRI - CT - Polysomnography
29
Nonepileptic Seizures
- most common manifestation of conversion disorder - unilaterally/bilaterally coordinated motor activity like thrashing, jerking - occur only when observed; do not interrupt play - pupils normally reactive to light - situation specific - no associated injury - abrupt recovery -- no postictal state - no incontinence - no EEG changes, even during episodes
30
Management of Epileptic Seizures
- referral - PCP can monitor stable children - drug monitoring - ketogenic diet - surgery - antiepileptic medication withdrawal (gradual withdrawal after 2 years of no seizures) - safety (swimming, driving, sports) - immunizations (pertussis vaccine on individualized basis)
31
Febrile Seizures
- most common type in children - brief, generalized, simple or complex - concurrent illness with rapid fever rise
32
Febrile Seizures - History
- duration, type, frequency in 24 hours - fever, level of temperature - abnormal neural findings (not consistent with febrile seizure) - family history of seizures - maternal smoking in perinatal period - prematurity - development of child
33
Febrile Seizures - Diagnostic Studies
- LP - Blood glucose - CBC, calcium, electrolytes, urinalysis optional - EEG if neurological signs present - MRI for complex febrile seizures
34
Febrile Seizures - Management
- protect airway, breathing, circulation - time duration of seizure - reduce fever with tylenol or ibuprofen - anticonvulsants only if complex; if neurological signs present - prophylaxis not recommended - education about febrile seizures
35
Secondary Headache
- worse in the morning on awakening - wakens child from sleep - vomiting without nausea - increased pain with straining, sneezing, coughing - occipital/neck pain - mental, personality, behavioral alterations
36
Headaches - Physical Examination
- blood pressure: supine and standing - growth parameters - eyes, ears, neck, sinuses, teeth, TMJ - thyroid gland - bones and muscles of skull - nerves, reflexes
37
Management of Headaches
- pain and stress management - migraines: abortive therapy, reducing frequency, severity, length of treatment
38
Head Injury
- mild to severe tissue damage - acceleration-decelerration or rotational forces - long term sequelae more common in children
39
Open Head Trauma
more focal injuries
40
Closed Head Trauma
multifocal/diffuse injury
41
Secondary Effects of Head Injury
- hypoxia - ischemia - hypotension - hemorrhage
42
Head Injury - History
- Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) tool - History of injury - Loss/alteration of consciousness, confusion, irritability, behavior - Vomiting - HA, blurred vision, diplopia - Numbness/loss of sensation
43
Head Injury - Physical Examination
- vital signs - thorough physical examination - care neurologic examination - signs of CNS involvement - Glasgow coma scale - periorbital hemorrhage (raccoon eyes) - ED emergency - "battle sign" (ecchymosis behind the ear) - ED emergency
44
Head Injury Diagnostic Studies
- severity dictates need for studies 1. penetrating trauma 2. altered LOC 3. amnesia about injury 4. focal neurological signs/deficit 5. depressed skull fracture/basilar injury (raccoon eyes and battle sign) 6. Seizures 7. Persistent vomiting 8. History of coagulopathy
45
Management of Minor Closed Head Injury with no loss of consciousness
- observation in clinic, ED, home - understanding of signs to watch
46
Management of Minor Closed Head Injury with brief loss of consciousness
- observation in clinic, ED, home - understanding of signs to watch - CT scanning accepted - Hospitalization if reliable home monitoring not possible
47
Management of Moderate Head Injury with worrisome symptoms
1. admission, prolonged observation in ED 2. Hospitalize for the following: - changing vital signs - seizures - AMS, slurred speech - prolonged unconsciousness/persistent memory deficit - depressed or basilar skull fractures - persistent HA - recurrent vomiting/unexplained fever - unexpected injury (child abuse) - worrisome CT/MRI findings
48
Post-Trauma sequelae and post-concussion syndrome
- cognitive deficits may persist for months - speech/motor difficulties for years - HA, dizziness, irritability, impaired concentration in adolescents, aggression, disobedience, regression, inattention, anxiety in younger children
49

Pediatrics (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions