Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Motor Learning > Neurologic Impairments > Flashcards

Neurologic Impairments Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Signs

A

Objective findings determined by physical examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective reports associated with pathology perceived by patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive Signs/Symptoms

A

Release of abnormal behavior (i.e. Hyperactive reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Negative Signs/Symptoms

A

Loss of normal behavior (i.e. paresis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primary Effect of Lesion

A

Impairments causing problems in motor, sensory/perceptual and/or cognitive systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secondary Effect of Lesion

A

Impairments NOT directly resulting from CNS lesion, developed as result of original problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lesion in descending motor

A

Primary: Paresis, Spasticity
Secondary: Structural & Functional changes in muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motor Weakness (paresis)

A

Inability to generate sufficient tension in a muscle and a major impairment of motor function in UMN syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spasticity

A

Velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscle tone

A

Muscle’s resistance to a passive stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Modified Ashworth

A 
0 = No increase in muscle tone; 
1 = slight increase in tone …;  
1+ = slight increase in tone;
4 = affected parts rigid in flexion/extension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coordination Problems

A

Capacity to generate force does not predict the ability of that muscle to perform a specific task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Abnormal synergies

A

Loss of ability to recruit a limited number of muscles controlling movement and to control individual joints

Inappropriate muscle activation in sequence, causing unnecessary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Flexor Synergy

A

Scapular retraction/elevation
Shoulder abduction/ER
Elbow Flexion, forearm supination
Wrist/finger flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Impairments in Cerebellar Pathology

A

Hypotonia, Ataxia, Dysmetria, Action/Intention tremor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Impairments in BG

A

Hypokinetic and Hyperkinetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypokinetic Disorders

A

PD

Bradykinesia, Rigidity, Resting tremor, Postural Instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hyperkinetic Disorders

A

Huntingtons: Excessive involuntary movement and low muscle tone
Chorea & Dystonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Somatosensory cortex deficits

A 
Discriminative sensations
(Proprioception, 2-point Stereognosis, touch localization)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Visual Deficits based on location of lesion

A

optic nerve: loss of vision in ipsilateral eye
optic chiasm: loss of vision in temporal visual field from both eyes (bitemporal hemianopsia or tunnel vision)
optic tract (temporal & parietal lobes): loss of vision in contralateral visual fields in both eyes (homonymous hemianopsia)
optic radiation: contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Assessment of Visual Deficits

A

Visual Acuity, Depth Perception, Visual Field Confrontation test, Oculomotor Control test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vestibular Deficits

A

Gaze Stabilization problem
Impairments in balance and posture
Dizziness or vertigo (BBPV most common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Motor Learning

A

Study of acquisition and modification of movement
Conventionally: Learn new skills
Recovery of function: Reacquire lost due to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Motor learning and control emerge from interaction between?

A

Individual, task, environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Learning Performance
Practice/experience leading to permanent changes Temporary changes in motor behavior
26
Plasticity
Ability to show modification
27
Nondeclarative learning
Nonassociative, Associative, Procedural
28
Nonassociative
Habituation: Decreased responsiveness after repeated exposure Sensitization: Increased responsiveness following threatening stimulus
29
Associative learning
Classical conditioning: Pair two stimuli | Operant conditioning: associate a response with a consequence
30
Procedural learning
Learning tasks that can be performed automatically without attention Develops gradually through repetition of act over many trials
31
Declarative Learning
Results in knowledge of facts/events, such as awareness, attention, and reflection *Practice can make transition from declarative to procedural knowledge
32
Closed versus open loop
Closed: Feedback from movement used for guidance Open: Movements performed in absence of feedback
33
Schema Theory
Emphasize open loop | Generalized motor programs: Rules for creating spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed for a task
34
Five Components to conceptual framework
A model of practice, A model of function and disability, Hypothesis-driven clinical practice, Principles of motor control and learning, Evidence-based practice
35
Nagi's Model
Pathology, Impairment, Functional limitation, disability
36
Impairment
Abnormalities, defects or losses in function of system
37
Functional limitation
Impairment at level of organ
38
Disability
Limitation of person in performing socially defined roles or tasks.
39
Evidence-based practice
Integration of clinical expertise, the best available research evidence, and patient's value
40
Task-oriented approach
Integrates ICF model in EXAMINATION at a number of different levels Framework for retraining posture, mobility, and manipulation
41
Task-oriented Approach | What, how, why
What: Functional How: Strategy Why: Impairment
42
Task-oriented Approach | What, how, why
Functional level What can the patient do? What does he/she have difficulty with? Strategy level What strategies are used to perform the task and what’s the ability to adapt strategy to changing task and environmental conditions? How does he/she move? Impairment level – What prevents him/her from doing what he/she wants to do? Limited ROM, weakness
43
Three Stage Model
Reduce DoF to simple movement; More cocontraction; made at cost of efficiency and flexibility; Advance Expert: all DoF released; take advantage of passive force and movt expenditure to increase efficiency reduce fatigue
44
Closed skills versus Open skills
Closed: Distinguish features of environment (Bowling, gymnastics) Open: Adapt to ever changing environment and the demands (Playing soccer, riding a bike)
45
Blocked Practice
Same task, several repetitions
46
Massed vs. distributed
Massed: more time in trial than rest Distributed: time is equal or less than rest
47
Part verse whole practice
part: Tasks naturally divided into units (single joint motion) whole: Multi joint coordination
48
guidance versus discovery
discovery is trial and error
49
constant practice
same task, multiple times
50
Factors affecting recovery of function
Age/gender, genetic make-up, lesion size/site, pre injury/experience, post injury factors
51
Postural control - Purpose
The ability to control our body’s position in space is fundamental to everything we do.
52
Alignment
relationship of body segments to one another, as well as to the position of the body with reference to gravity and the base of support.
53
Posture
the biomechanical alignment of the body and the orientation of the body in the environment.
54
Postural Control
control of the body’s position in space for orientation and stability
55
Postural Tone
activity increases in antigravity muscle, which keeps the body from collapsing in response to the pull of gravity during quiet stance.
56
Postural Orientation
ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between body segments, and between the body and the environment for a specific task
57
Postural stability or balance
ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support
58
Center of Pressure
center of distribution of total force applied to supporting surface
59
Center of Gravity
vertical projection of the center of mass
60
Center of Mass
point at center of the total body mass
61
Clinical Definition of falls
an event that results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground (unplanned or unexpected contact with a supporting surface)
62
Research Definition of falls
Research definition: movement of the CoM outside of the base of support (including stepping to recover stability)
63
Movement strategy to maintain balance
1. Control body sway 2. Feedback control 3. Feedforward control 4. Anteriorposterior stability 5. Lateral stability 6. Multidirectional stability
64
Anterioposterior stability
ankle strategy hip strategy stepping strategy
65
Feedback Control
postural control that occurs in response to sensory feedback (somatosensory, visual or vestibular) from an unexpected perturbation
66
Feedforward Control
postural responses that are made in anticipation of a voluntary movement potentially destabilizing in order to maintain stability during movement
67
Ankle Strategy: Forward Sway
Use posterior muscles to restore CoM
68
Ankle Strategy: Backward Sway
Use anterior muscles to restore CoM
69
Ankle Strategy: Timing of activation
From distal to proximal muscles
70
Hip Strategy: Forward Sway
Large anterior muscles used to prevent falls
71
Hip Strategy: Backward Sway
Large posterior muscles used to prevent falls
72
Hip Strategy: Timing
From proximal to distal muscles
73
Stepping Strategy
When the ankle and hip strategies are not enough to maintain the balance, a step will restore the CoM.
74
Sensory Inputs Contributing to Postural Control
Visual inputs - body/objects in environment Somatosensory inputs - surface of support Vestibular inputs - gravity
75
Sensory Weighted Hypothesis
When one sensory system is less reliable, the input to the CNS from that system is weighted less heavily, and inputs from other systems will be weighted more heavily
76
Major Factors Contributing to Aging
Primary or Genetic factors contribute to the loss of neuronal function within a system over which we have LITTLE control
77
Secondary or experimental factors contributing to aging
environment, nutrition, and lifestyle, affect our nervous system function over which we have MORE control.
78
Physically Frail
JORDAN: Light house keeping, food preparation, can pass some IADL and all BADLs
79
Muscles and aging
Number of motor units declines with aging Some loss of Type II fibers or atrophy of type II fibers
80
Age-Related change in somatosensory system
vibratory sensation threshold increases with age; tactile sensitivity decreases (or increased threshold to touch stimuli) with age;
81
Age-Related change in vision
visual threshold increases with age, as well as decrease in visual acuity
82
Age-Related change in vestibular system
aging causes a reduction in vestibular function, with a loss of 40% of vestibular hair by 70 years
83
Geriatric Society Recommendations for Prevention of Falls
All older individuals should be asked whether there was a fall for the last 12 months. An older person reporting a fall should be asked about the frequency and circumstance of the fall. Older adults should be asked if they experience difficulties with walking or balance. Older persons presenting with a single fall should be evaluated for gait and balance, and many more.
84
As you age you vibration threshold will?
Increase
85
Walking/Talking what area/strategy is used?
attentional strategy
86
As you age visual threshold ____, and visual acuity ______.
Increases, decreases
87
Majority of falls in neurological pathologies associated with?
Mobility (gait) Transfers Stair Climbing

Motor Learning (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions