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Pathology weeks 15, 16 > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Meningitis

A

Acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid

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2
Q

Where does meningitis typically come from

A

Infection of the middle ear, frontal sinus, respiratory system, bloodstream or other

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3
Q

How many types of meningitis are there

A

Two types:
Bacterial (pyogenic)
Viral

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4
Q

Which type of meningitis is most common

A

Bacterial (pyogenic)

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5
Q

What test is done to determine cause of meningitis

A

spinal tap

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6
Q

What are complications of meningitis

A

vasculiti, thrombosis, infarction, hydrocephalus, subdural effusion, empyema, brain abscess

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7
Q

Why might a patient with meningitis need an amputation

A

if the blood vessels damaged result in gangrene

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8
Q

How may imaging of meningitis appear

A

Imaging signs: brain shift and lateral shift of midline structures
obliteration or dilation of the ventricles and thinning of CSF spaces

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9
Q

How common is Glioma

A

Most common type of primary malignant brain tumor

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10
Q

What type of cells are affected by Glioma

A

Glial cells. They support the connective tissues in the CNS

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11
Q

What are the most common types of Glioma

A

glioblastoma and astrocytoma

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12
Q

How is Glioma spread

A

By direct extension, it can cross over the corpus callosum to the other cerebral hemisphere

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13
Q

What is preferred modality for Glioma

A

MRI or CT C-/C+

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14
Q

What may you see on a CT C+ scan of a brain with Glioma

A

A homogenous lesion with an irregular ring of enhancement

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15
Q

Meningioma

A

Benign tumor arising from the arachnoid lining cells. Attached to the dura

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16
Q

How will Meningioma appear on a head CT

A

Rounded, sharply delineated HYPERdense or ISOdense tumor abutting dural surface

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17
Q

Brain Metastases usually derive from what

A

lung or breast cancer

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18
Q

How is brain metastases spread

A

usually hematogenous (form blood) or direct invasion

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19
Q

Concussion

A

Traumatic injury. Usually from hitting head in sport or MVC

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20
Q

How may a concussion affect the patient

A

chemical alterations to brain, may be physical, cognitive or behavioral symptoms. Short or long term.

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21
Q

Is concussion usually limited to one area of the brain

A

no, it usually includes multiple areas

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22
Q

What may concussion co-exist with

A

contusion (bruising)

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23
Q

Contusion

A

bruise/bleeding

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24
Q

Hematoma

A

Bleeding in skull/brain

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25
Are contusions to brain local or widespread
local, but typically severe
26
Contrecoup brain injury
Injury from a blow opposite to injured side
27
Alzheimer's Disease
premature aging/ presenile dementia. Cerebral atrophy that is far more enhanced than expected for the patient's age
28
Parkinson's disease
Shaking palsy. Progressive degenerative disease.
29
In parkinson's disease which cells are affected
nerve cells...basal ganglia
30
Hydrocephalus
Dilation of the ventricular system associated with intracranial pressure
31
What is the typical cause if Hydrocephalus
Obstructions. Usually in infants
32
How may hydrocephalus be treated
shunting between dilated ventricles and the peritoneal cavity (vntriculoperitoneal shunt)
33
If a brain bleed is suspected what should you do with regards to CT scanning
Take a nonenhanced scan first so you can ensure you catch all types of bleeding
34
What is the terminology for collection of blood in the head/brain
Cerebral/Intracranial Hemhorrhages/ Hematomas
35
Epidural Bleed
Between the skull bone and outermost membrane layer, the dura mater
36
Subdural Bleed
Between dura mater and arachnoid membrane
37
Subarachnoid Bleed
Between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
38
Intracerebral hemorrhage
In the lobes, pons, and cerebellum of brain (anywhere in brain tissue)
39
Intraventricular hemorrhage
bleeding in the ventricles/cavities where CSF is produced
40
How will Acute blood be on CT
Bright white or hyperdense once it clots
41
When does blood in brain become isodense
approximately after 1 week
42
When does blood in brain become hypodense
approximately 2 weeks
43
For an epidural hematoma what is the type of bleeding
acute arterial bleeding
44
What type of bleeding is present in subdural hematoma
Venous, between dura mater and other meninges (arachnoid)
45
Which is a faster bleed: Epidural or subdural
Epidural as it is arterial
46
What shape is subdural hematoma
crescent shaped
47
what shape is epidural hematoma
convex/ "lemon" shape
48
What layer is damaged leading to an intracerebral hemorrhage
The intima layer
49
Intraventricular hemorrhage can be secondary to what
intracerebral hemorrhage
50
Injury to surface veins can lead to what
subarachnoid hemorrhage
51
What is the major cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage aside from head trauma
rupture of a berry aneurysm
52
Aneurysm
a localized dilation of an artery. Has weak walls from decreased elastin and increased collagen
53
What is the most common artery to have aneurysms
aorta
54
What is CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident / Stroke
55
What happens with CVA
sudden loss of brain function caused by blockage or rupture
56
What percent of CVA are ischemic
80%
57
What is it called when neurons in affected area die from CVA
cerebral infarct
58
How do you differentiate between ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage stroke
CT exam
59
How would one treat a blockage stroke
fibrinolytic / thrombolytic agents (clot busters)
60
How would one treat a hemorrhagic stroke
Clip the bleeding spot and burr the skull to relieve pressure from blood pooling
61
What is the main cause of a Hemorrhagic stroke aside form head trauma
Hypertensive vascular disease (high blood pressure)
62
How many days after an ischemic stroke will Mass effect be seen on CT
7-10 days after onset
63
What is TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack: A temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain
64
What is likely to be prescribed for a TIA patient
Low dose aspirin

Pathology weeks 15, 16 (2 decks)

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