Neurologically Based Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
stroke caused by a blocked or interrupted blood supply to the brain. Blockage or itneruption may be caused by two kinds of arterial diseases: thrombosis or embolism
A
Ischemic strokes
2
Q
a collection of blood material that blocks the flow of blood.
A
thrombus
3
Q
a traveling mass of arterial debris or a clump of tissue from a tumor that gets lodged in a smaller artery and thus blocks the flow of blood
A
embolus
4
Q
stroke caused by bleeding in the brain due to ruptured blood vessels. Ruptures may be intracerebral (within the brain) or extracerebral (within the meninges, resulting in subarachnoid, subdural, and epidural varieties)
A
Hemorrhagic strokes
5
Q
Nonfluent Aphasias (4)
A
- Broca’s Aphasia
- Transcortical Motor Aphasia (TMA)
- Mixed Transcortical Aphasia (MTA)
- Global Aphasia
6
Q
- often caused by damage to Broca’s area (Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45)
- nonfluent, effortful, slow, halting, uneven speech
- limited word output, short phrases and sentences
- misarticulated or distorted sounds
- agrammatic or telegraphic speech
- impaired repetition of words and sentences
- impaired naming, especially confrontation naming
- rarely normal, but better auditory comprehensions of spoken language than production
- difficulty in understanding syntactic structures
- poor oral reading and comprehension
- monotonous speech
- May have apraxia or dysarthria
- may have right-sided paralysis or paresis
- may have emotional symptoms
A
Broca’s Aphasia
7
Q
- often caused by lesions in the anterior superior frontal lobe often below or above Broca’s area
- initial speechlessness
- echolalia and perseveration
- absent or reduced spontaneous speech
- nonfluent, paraphasic, agrammatic, and telegraphic speech
- intact repetition skill, a distinguishing characteristic
- awareness of grammaticality
- refusal to repeat nonsense syllables
- unfinished sentences
- limited word fluency
- simple and impreciese syntactic structures
- attempts to initiate speech with the help of such motor activities as clapping, vigorous head nodding, and hand waving
- generally good comprehension of simple conversation; possibly impaired for complex speech
- slow and difficult reading aloud
- seriously distrubed writing
- often exhbitit motor disorders such as rigidity of upper extremity, akinesia, bradykinesia, buccofacial apraxia, and weakness of legs
- emotional symptoms
A
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
8
Q
- caused by lesions in the watershed area or arterial border zone
- limited spontaneous speech
- automatic, unintentional and involuntary nature of communication
- severe echolalia
- repetition of an examiner’s statement
- severely impaired fluency
- severely impaired auditory comprehension for even simple conversation
- mostly unimpaired automatic speech
- severely impaired reading, reading comprehension, and writing
- varied neurologic symptoms
A
Mixed Transcortical Aphasia
9
Q
- most severe form of nonfluent aphasia
- caused by extensive lesions affecting all language areas
- profoundly impaired language skills and no significant profile differential skills
- greatly reduced fluency
- expressions limited to a few words, exclamations, and serial utterances
- impaired repetition
- impaired naming
- auditory comprehension limited to single words at best
- persevration
- impaired reading and writing
- verbal and nonverbal apraxia may be present
- strong neurological symptoms
- right side paresis or paralysis
- right sided sensory loss
- neglect of left side of the body
A
global aphasia
10
Q
Fluent Aphasias
A
- Wernicke’s Aphasia
- Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
- Conduction Aphasia
- Anomic Aphasia
11
Q
- often caused by lesion in Wernicke’s area
- incessant, effortlessly produced, flowing speech with normal, or even abnormal, fluency with normal phrase length
- rapid rate of speech
- good articulation
- severe word-finding problems
- paraphasic speech containing semantic and literal paraphasias, extra syllables in words and creation of neologisms
- circumlocution
- empty speech
- poor auditory comprehension
- impaired conversational turn taking
- impaired repetition skill
- reading comprehension problems
- writing problems
- generally poor communication despite of fluent speech
- may sound confused
- generally free from obvious neurological symptoms
A
Wernicke’s Aphasia
12
Q
- caused by lesions in the temporo-parietal region
- fluent speech with normal phrase length, good prosody, normal articulation, and apparently appropriate grammar and syntax
- paraphasic and empty speech
- severe naming problems and pauses due to those problems
- good repetition skills but poor comprehension of repeated words
- echolalia of grammatically incorrect forms, nonsense syllables, and words from foreign languages
- impaired auditory comprehension of spoken language
- difficlty in pointing, obeying commands, or answering simple yes/no questions
- normal automatic speech
- tendency to complete poems and sentences started by the clinican
- good reading (aloud) but poor comprehension
- generally better oral reading skills
- writing problems that parallel those in expressive speech
- hemiparesis at onset, may disappear
A
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
13
Q
What is the main difference between Wernicke’s and Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?
A
repetition is intact in patients with TSA, whereas it is impaired in patients with Wernicke’s aphaisa
14
Q
- caused by lesions in the region between Broca’s area and WErnicke’s area, especially in the supramarginal gyrus and the arcuate fasiculus
- disproportionate impairment in repetition
- variable speech fluency across patients
- paraphasic speech
- marked word-finding problems
- empty speech because of omitted content words
- good syntax, prosody, and articulation
- severe to mild naming problems
- near-normal auditory comprehension, especially for routine conversational speech
- being better at pointing to a named stimulus than at confrontation naming
- highly variable reading problems
- writing problems in most cases
- buccofacial apraxia
- some neurological symptoms
*
A
Conduction Aphasia
15
Q
What is the main difference between Wernicke’s Aphasia and Conduction Aphasia?
A
Unlike patients with Wernicke’s Aphasia, those with conduction aphasia have good to normal auditory comprehension
