Neurology

Question 1

What does white matter contain?

Answer 1

Myelinated neuronal axons which bundle together to form tracts

Question 2

What is grey matter contain?

Answer 2

Neuronal cell bodies and glial cells (e.g. astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells)

Question 3

What divides the frontal and parietal lobe?

Answer 3

Central sulcus

Question 4

What divides the parietal and occipital lobe?

Answer 4

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 5

What divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal?

Answer 5

Lateral fissure

Question 6

What are the types of cerebral cortices?

Answer 6

Primary and secondary/association

Question 7

What motor areas are in the frontal lobe?

Answer 7

Primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area and premotor area.

Question 8

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 8

1. Attention
2. Adjusting social behaviour
3. Planning
4. Personality
   5, Decision making

Question 9

What can frontal lobe lesions cause?

Answer 9

1. Personality changes
2. Impaired restraint/inappropriate behaviour
3. Inability to plan actions
4. Repetition of same behaviour

Question 10

What are the key regions in the temporal lobe?

Answer 10

1. Temporal association cortex
2. Primary auditory cortex
3. Auditory association cortex

Question 11

What does the temporal association cortex do?

Answer 11

Recognition and identification of stimuli, particularly those that are relatively complex

Question 12

What does the primary auditory cortex do?

Answer 12

Processes auditory stimuli

Question 13

What does the auditory association cortex do?

Answer 13

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

Question 14

What can damage to either temporal lobe cause?

Answer 14

Agnosia

Question 15

What is agnosia?

Answer 15

Difficulty recognizing, identifying, and naming different categories of objects

Question 16

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 16

Inability to identify familiar individuals by their facial characteristics, and in some cases cannot recognise a face at all (inability to learn new faces)

Question 17

What can damage to the inferior temporal cortex (fusiform gyrus) cause?

Answer 17

Prosopagnosia

Question 18

What can a lesion of the right temporal cortex cause?

Answer 18

Agnosia for faces and objects

Question 19

What can a lesion of the corresponding regions of the left temporal cortex?

Answer 19

Difficulties with language-related material

Question 20

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 20

Inability to form new memories

Question 21

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 21

Difficulty retrieving memories established prior to the neuropathology

Question 22

What can lead to anterograde amnesia?

Answer 22

Damage to or resection of (e.g. to cure epilepsy) anterior medial temporal lobe structures (particularly the hippocampus)

Question 23

What can damage to or resection of (e.g. to cure epilepsy) anterior medial temporal lobe structures (particularly the hippocampus) cause?

Answer 23

Anterograde amnesia

Question 24

What key areas are within the occipital lobe?

Answer 24

1. Primary visual cortex

2. Visual association cortex

Question 25

What does the primary visual cortex do?

Answer 25

Processes visual stimuli

Question 26

What does the visual association cortex do?

Answer 26

Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input?

Question 27

What does Broca's area do?

Answer 27

Production of language

Question 28

What does Wernicke's area do?

Answer 28

Understanding of language

Question 29

Where is Broca's area located?

Answer 29

Frontal association cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere

Question 30

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Answer 30

Temporal association cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere

Question 31

What is colour agnosia?

Answer 31

Inability to recognise colours

Question 32

What is inability to recognise colours?

Answer 32

Colour agnosia

Question 33

What can a lesion to Broca's or Wernicke's area cause?

Answer 33

Aphasia

Question 34

What is aphasia?

Answer 34

Inability to comprehend and/or to produce language

Question 35

What can a lesion to Broca's area cause?

Answer 35

Expressive aphasia

Question 36

What is expressive aphasia?

Answer 36

Poor production of speech, comprehension intact

Question 37

What can a lesion to Wernicke's area cause?

Answer 37

Receptive aphasia

Question 38

What is receptive aphasia?

Answer 38

Poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

Question 39

What does the limbic lobe include?

Answer 39

1. Amygdala 2. Hippocampus 3. Mamillary body 4. Cingulate gyrus

Question 40

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

Answer 40

1. Learning 2. Memory 3. Emotion 4. Motivation 5. Reward

Question 41

Where do you find the insular cortex?

Answer 41

Lies deep within lateral fissure

Question 42

What is the function of the insular cortex?

Answer 42

1. Visceral sensations 2. Autonomic control 3. Interoception 4. Auditory processing 5. Visual-vestibular integration

Question 43

What do association fibres connect?

Answer 43

Connect areas within the same hemisphere

Question 44

What are the two types of association fibres?

Answer 44

Short and long fibres

Question 45

What are the four long fibres?

Answer 45

1. Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus 2. Arcuate Fasciculus 3. Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus 4. Uncinate Fasciculus

Question 46

What does the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus connect?

Answer 46

Frontal and occipital lobes

Question 47

What does the Arcuate Fasciculus connect?

Answer 47

Frontal and temporal lobes

Question 48

What does the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus connect?

Answer 48

Temporal and occipital lobes

Question 49

What does the Uncinate Fasciculus connect?

Answer 49

Anterior frontal and temporal lobes

Question 50

What do commissural fibres connect?

Answer 50

Homologous structures in left and right hemispheres

Question 51

What do projection fibres connect?

Answer 51

Cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

Question 52

What are two main sources of blood supply to the brain?

Answer 52

``` Vertebral arteries (posteriorly) Internal carotid arteries (anteriorly) ```

Question 53

What are the types of intracranial haemorrhage?

Answer 53

1. Extradural 2. Subdural 3. Subarachnoid 4. Intracerebral

Question 54

Why are extradural haemorrhages more rapid onset than subdural haemorrhages?

Answer 54

Extradural haemorrhages are caused by rupture of a meningeal ARTERY (high pressure) whereas subdural haemorrhages are caused by rupture of veins in the skull.

Question 55

Which of extradural and subdural haemorrhages are more rapid onset?

Answer 55

Extradural

Question 56

Define stroke

Answer 56

Rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin and of >24 hours duration

Question 57

Define Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

Answer 57

Rapidly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin that resolves completely within 24 hours

Question 58

Define infarction

Answer 58

Degenerative changes which occur in tissue following occlusion of an artery

Question 59

Define cerebral ischaemia

Answer 59

Lack of sufficient blood supply to nervous tissue resulting in permanent damage if blood flow is not restored quickly

Question 60

State two causes of vessel occlusion

Answer 60

1. Thrombosis | 2. Embolism

Question 61

What is thrombosis?

Answer 61

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus)

Question 62

What is embolism?

Answer 62

Plugging of small vessel by material carried from larger vessel e.g. thrombi from the heart or atherosclerotic debris from the internal carotid

Question 63

What are the first factors for a stroke?

Answer 63

1. Age 2. Hypertension 3. High cholesterol 4. Cardiac disease 5. Smoking 6. Atrial fibrillation 7. Diabetes mellitus