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1
Q

Epinephrine

A

α-agonist
Decreases IOP by inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor via vasoconstriction.
Glaucoma
Mydriasis. Do not use in closed-angle glaucoma

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2
Q

Brimonidine

A

α2-agonist
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
Blurry vision, ocular hyperemia, foreign body sensation, ocular allergic reactions, ocular pruritis

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3
Q

Timolol

A

β-blocker
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

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4
Q

Betaxolol

A

β-blocker
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

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5
Q

Carteolol

A

β-blocker
Decreases IOP by decreasing inhibiting synthesis of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

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6
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Decreases IOP by decreasing amount of aqueous humor production via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase
Glaucoma
No pupillary or vision changes

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7
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Direct cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma, especially in emergencies. Very effective in opening meshwork into canal of Schlemm
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

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8
Q

Carbachol

A

Direct cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

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9
Q

Physostigmine

A

Indirect cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

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10
Q

Echothiophate

A

Indirect cholinomimetic
Increases outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork
Glaucoma
Miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

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11
Q

Latanoprost (PGF2α)

A

Decreases IOP by Increasing outflow of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
Darkens iris color (browning)

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12
Q

Morphine

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema, general anesthetic (in combination with other CNS depressants)
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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13
Q

Fentanyl

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema, general anesthetic (in combination with other CNS depressants)
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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14
Q

Codeine

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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15
Q

Methadone

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Maintenance programs for individuals with heroin addiction
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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16
Q

Meperidine

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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17
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Cough suppressant
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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18
Q

Diphenoxylate

A

Opioid analgesic
Acts as opioid receptor agonist to modulate synaptic transmission. Opens K channels, closes Ca channels, leading to decreased synaptic transmission. Inhibits release of Ach, NE, 5-HT, glutamate, and substance P.
Pain, acute pulmonary edema
Addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs. Tolerance does not develop to miosis and constipation.
Treat toxicity with naloxone or naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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19
Q

Butorphanol

A

Mu-opiod receptor partial agonist and kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Produces analgesia.
Severe pain (migraine, labor, etc).
Less respiratory depression than full opioid agonists. Can cause opioid withdrawal symptoms if patient is also taking full opioid agonist (competition for opioid receptors).
Overdose not easily reversed.

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20
Q

Tramadol

A

Very weak opioid agonist. Also inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
Chronic pain.
Toxicity similar to opioids. Decreases seizure threshold. Serotonin syndrome.

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21
Q

Phenobarbitol

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing.
Sedate for anxiety, seizures, insomnia.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

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22
Q

Pentobarbital

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing.
Sedate for anxiety, seizures, insomnia.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

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23
Q

Thiopental

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing. High potency, high lipid solubility, rapid entry into brain. Decreases cerebral blood flow. Effects terminated by rapid redistribution into tissue and fat.
Induction of anesthesia, short surgical procedures.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

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24
Q

Secobarbital

A

Barbituate
Facilitate GABA-A action by increased duration of Cl channel opening, thus decreasing neuron firing.
Sedate for anxiety, seizures, insomnia.
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression (can be fatal). CNS depression (exacerbated by EtOH use), dependence, drug interactions (induces CYP450). Contraindicated in porphyria.
Overdose treatment is supportive (assist respiration, maintain BP).

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25
Diazepam
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites. Anxiety, spasticity, status epilepticus (first line treatment for acute), eclampsia (after magnesium sulfate), detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
26
Lorazepam
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites. Anxiety, spasticity, status epilepticus (first line treatment for acute), eclampsia (after magnesium sulfate), detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
27
Triazolam
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Short acting, higher addictive potential. Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
28
Temazepam
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites. Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
29
Oxazepam
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Short acting, higher addictive potential. Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
30
Midazolam
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Short acting, higher addictive potential. Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Used adjunctively with gaseous anesthetics and narcotics. Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. May cause severe postoperative respiratory depression, hypotension, and anterograde amnesia. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
31
Chlordiazepoxide
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites. Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
32
Alprazolam
Benzodiazepine Facilitate GABA-A action by increasing frequency of Cl channel opening. Decreases REM sleep. Long half-life with active metabolites. Anxiety, spasticity, detoxification (especially alcohol withdrawal/delirium tremens), night terrors, sleepwalking, general anesthetic (amnesia, muscle relaxation), hypnotic (insomnia). Dependence, additive CNS depression effects with alcohol. Less risk of respiratory depression and coma than with barbiturates. Treat overdose with flumazenil (competitive antagonist at GABA benzodiazpeine receptor).
33
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic Act via BZ1 subtype of the GABA receptor. Insomnia. Ataxia, headaches, confusion. Short duration of action because of rapid metabolism by liver enzymes. Unlike older sedative-hypnotics, cause only modest day-after psychomotor depression and few amnestic effects. Less dependence risk than benzodiazepines. Effects reversed by flumazenil.
34
Zaleplon
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic Act via BZ1 subtype of the GABA receptor. Insomnia. Ataxia, headaches, confusion. Short duration of action because of rapid metabolism by liver enzymes. Unlike older sedative-hypnotics, cause only modest day-after psychomotor depression and few amnestic effects. Less dependence risk than benzodiazepines. Effects reversed by flumazenil.
35
Eszopiclone
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic Act via BZ1 subtype of the GABA receptor. Insomnia. Ataxia, headaches, confusion. Short duration of action because of rapid metabolism by liver enzymes. Unlike older sedative-hypnotics, cause only modest day-after psychomotor depression and few amnestic effects. Less dependence risk than benzodiazepines. Effects reversed by flumazenil.
36
Halothane
Inhaled anesthetic. Unknown mechanism. Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand). Hepatotoxicity, malignant hyperthermia.
37
Enflurane
Inhaled anesthetic. Unknown mechanism. Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand). Proconvulsant, malignant hyperthermia.
38
Isoflurane
Inhaled anesthetic. Unknown mechanism. Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand). Malignant hyperthermia.
39
Sevoflurane
Inhaled anesthetic. Unknown mechanism. Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand). Malignant hyperthermia.
40
Methoxyflurane
Inhaled anesthetic. Unknown mechanism. Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand). Nephrotoxicity, malignant hyperthermia.
41
Nitrous oxide
Inhaled anesthetic. Unknown mechanism. Myocardial depression, respiratory depression, nausea/emesis, increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand). Expansion of trapped gas in a body cavity.
42
Ketamine
Arylcyclohexylamine PCP analog that acts as dissociative anesthetic. Blocks NMDA receptors. Cardiovascular stimulant. Disorientation, hallucination, bad dreams. Increases cerebral blood flow.
43
Propofol
Potentiates GABA-A. Rapid anesthesia induction, used for short procedures. Used for sedation in ICU. Less postoperative nausea than thiopental.
44
Procaine
Local anesthetic. Ester. Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. Used in patients with amide allergy. CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension.
45
Cocaine
Local anesthetic. Ester. Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. Used in patients with amide allergy. CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, arrhythmias.
46
Tetracaine
Local anesthetic. Ester. Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. Used in patients with amide allergy. CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension.
47
Lidocaine
Local anesthetic. Amide. Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Tertiary amines penetrate membrane in uncharged form, then bind to ion channels in charged form. Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, allergy (use esters instead).
48
Mepivacaine
Local anesthetic. Amide. Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Tertiary amines penetrate membrane in uncharged form, then bind to ion channels in charged form. Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. CNS excitation, hypertension, hypotension, allergy (use esters instead).
49
Bupivacaine
Local anesthetic. Amide. Block Na channels by binding to specific receptors on inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind to activated Na channels, so most effective in rapidly firing neurons. Tertiary amines penetrate membrane in uncharged form, then bind to ion channels in charged form. Minor surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia. CNS excitation, severe cardiovascular toxicity, hypertension, hypotension, allergy (use esters instead).
50
Succinylcholine
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Strong Ach receptor agonist. Produces sustained depolarization and prevents muscle contraction. Used for muscle paralysis in surgery or mechanical ventilation. Selective for motor (vs. autonomic) nicotinic receptor. Phase I: Prolonged depolarization, no antidote. Block is potentiated by anticholinesterases. Phase II: Repolarized but blocked. Antidote is cholinesterase inhibitors. Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia.
51
Tubocurarine
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
52
Atracurium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
53
Mivacurium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
54
Pancuronium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
55
Vecuronium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
56
Rocuronium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
57
Dantrolene
Prevents the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (toxicity of antipsychotic drugs).
58
Succinylcholine
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Strong Ach receptor agonist. Produces sustained depolarization and prevents muscle contraction. Used for muscle paralysis in surgery or mechanical ventilation. Selective for motor (vs. autonomic) nicotinic receptor. Phase I: Prolonged depolarization, no antidote. Block is potentiated by anticholinesterases. Phase II: Repolarized but blocked. Antidote is cholinesterase inhibitors. Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia.
59
Tubocurarine
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
60
Atracurium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
61
Amantadine
May increase dopamine release. Antiviral against influenza A and rubella. Parkinson disease. Toxicity leads to ataxia.
62
Selegiline
Selective type B MAO inhibitor. Selectively inhibits MAO-B, which preferentially metabolizes dopamine over norepinephrine and 5HT, thereby increasing dopamine availability. Parkinson disease. Adjunctive agent to L-dopa. May enhance adverse effects of L-dopa.
63
Vecuronium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
64
Rocuronium
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Competitive antagonists at Ach receptors. Reversal of blockade with neostigmine (must be given with atropine to prevent muscarinic effects such as bradycardia), edrophonium, and other cholinesterase inhibitors
65
Dantrolene
Prevents the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (toxicity of antipsychotic drugs).
66
Levodopa/carbidopa
Increases level of dopamine in brain. Unlike dopamine, L-dopa can cross BBB and is converted by dopa decarboxylase in CNS to dopamine. Carbidopa is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and is given with L-dopa to increase the bioavailability of L-dopa in the brain and to limit peripheral side effects. Parkinson disease Arrhythmias from increased peripheral formation of catecholamines. Long-term use can lead to dyskinesia following administration ("on-off" phenomenon), akinesia between doses.
67
Memantine
NMDA receptor antagonist. Helps prevent excitotoxicity (mediated by Ca) Alzheimer disease Dizziness, confusion, hallucinations
68
Ropinirole
Non-ergot dopamine agonist. | Parkinson disease.
69
Amantadine
May increase dopamine release. Antiviral against influenza A and rubella. Toxicity leads to ataxia.
70
Entacapone
COMT inhibitor. Prevents L-dopa degradation, increasing dopamine availability. Parkinson disease.
71
Tolcapone
Prevents L-dopa degradation, increasing dopamine availability. Parkinson disease.
72
Benztropine
Antimuscarinic. Curbs excess Ach. | Improves tremor and rigidity in Parkinson disease. Little effect on bradykinesia.
73
Donepezil
AchE inhibitor Alzheimer disease Nausea, dizziness, insomnia
74
Galantamine
AchE inhibitor Alzheimer disease Nausea, dizziness, insomnia
75
Rivastigmine
AchE inhibitor Alzheimer disease Nausea, dizziness, insomnia
76
Tetrabenazine
Inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), limits dopamine vesicle packaging and release Huntington disease
77
Reserpine
Inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), limits dopamine vesicle packaging and release Huntington disease
78
Haloperidol
Dopamine receptor antagonist | Huntington disease
79
Sumatriptan
``` 5HT-1B/1D agonist. Inhibits trigeminal activation; prevents vasoactive peptide release. Induces vasoconstriction. Half life < 2 hours. Acute migraine, cluster headache attacks Coronary vasospasm (contraindicated in patients with CAD or Prinzmetal angina), mild tingling. ```
80
Ethosuximide
Antiepileptic Blocks thalamic T-type calcium channels Absence seizures GI distress, fatigue, headache, urticaria, Steven-Johnson syndrome.
81
Phenytoin
Antiepileptic Increases Na channel inactivation. Fosphenytoin for parenteral use. Simple, complex, tonic-clonic (first line) seizures and status epilepticus (first line prophylaxis) Zero order kinetics. Nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, sedation, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, peripheral neuropathy, megaloblastic anemia, teratogenesis, SLE-like syndrome, cytochrome P-450 induction, lymphadenopathy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, osteopenia
82
Carbamazepine
Antiepileptic Increases sodium channel inactivation First line treatment for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and first-line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia Diplopia, ataxia, blood dyscrasias (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia), liver toxicity, teratogenesis, induction of cytochrome P-450, SIADH, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
83
Valproic acid (valproate)
Antiepileptic Increases sodium channel inactivation and increases GABA concentration by inhibiting GABA transaminase Simple, complex, tonic-clonic (first line), myoclonic, and absence seizures. Bipolar disorder. GI dress, rare but fatal hepatotoxicity (measure LFTs), neural tube defects, tremor, weight gain, contraindicated in pregnancy.
84
Gabapentin
Antiepileptic Primarily inhibits high voltage-activated calcium channels. Designed as a GABA analog. Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures. Also used for peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, migraine prophylaxis, and bipolar disorder. Sedation, ataxia.
85
Phenobarbital
Antiepileptic Increases GABA-A action Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures. First line in neonates. Sedation, tolerance, dependence, induction of cytochrome P-450, cardiorespiratory depression
86
Topiramate
Antiepileptic Blocks Na channels, increases GABA action Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures. Also used for migraine prevention. Sedation, mental dulling, kidney stones, weight loss.
87
Lamotrigine
Antiepileptic Blocks voltage-gated Na channels. Simple, complex, tonic-clonic, and absence seizures. Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Titrate slowly.
88
Levetiracetam
Antiepileptic Unknown mechanism. Possibly related to modulation of GABA and glutamate release. Simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures.
89
Tiagabine
Antiepileptic Increases GABA by inhibiting reputake Simple and complex seizures
90
Vigabatrin
Antiepileptic Increases GABA by inhibiting reuptake Simple and complex seizures

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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