Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 MBChB > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are focal seizures?

A

Occur within discrete regions of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are features of a temporal lobe seizure?

A

Aura
Deja Vu
Affects mentally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are features of a Jacksonian seizure?

A

Starts proximally

‘Marches down limb’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are focal seizures managed?

A

Carbamazepine

Lamotrigine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are side effects of carbamazepine?

A

Can put patients into status epilepticus
Visual disturbances
SIADH
Agranulocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mode of action of carbamazepine?

A

Bines to sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the management of tonic-clonic seizures?

A

Sodium valproate

Lamotrigine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an atonic seizure?

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone lasting 1-2seconds with brief loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the management of atonic seizures?

A

Sodium valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are absent seizures?

A

Sudden brief lapses of consciousness lasting around 10 seconds - patient doesn’t know anything has happened
3Hz on EEG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are myoclonic seizures?

A

Sudden and brief muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the triad of Parkinsonism?

A

Bradykinesia
Resting tremor
Rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are other features of Parkinsonism?

A 
Shuffling gait 
Reduced arm swing 
Micrographia 
Hypomimia 
Drooling 
REM sleep disorder 
Reduced olfaction 
Depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neutrons in substantia nigra with Lewy Bodies seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the treatments for Parkinsons?

A

Levodopa + carbadopa
Bromocriptine
Cabergoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the side effects of levodopa?

A

Dyskinesia
Psychosis
Postural hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the side effects of bromocriptine?

A

Impulse control problems
hallucinations
postural hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the features of multi-system atrophy?

A

Parkinsonism
Autonomic features
Cerebellar signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the features of progressive supra nuclear palsy?

A

Parkinsonism
Look down before looking up
Early falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What drugs can induce parkinsonism?

A

Anti-psychotics: particularly haloperidol + chlorpromazine

metoclopramide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the management of drug induced parkinson’s?

A

Remove drug
procyclidine
Benzotropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the features of vascular parkinson’s?

A

predominant affects lower limbs
Spasticity
Hemiparesis
Pseudobulbar palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are features of type 1 neurofibromatosis?

A

Cafe au lait spots
Axillary freckling
Dermal neurofibromas
Lisch nodules on iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the features of type 2 neurofibromatosis?

A

Bilateral vestibular schwannomas - tinnitus, vertigo, SN hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the features of a cord hemisection?
Ipsilateral spastic paresis below lesion Ipsilateral loss of proprioception and fine touch Contralateral loss of pain and temp
26
What are the features of Friedrich's ataxia?
Bilateral spastic paresis bilateral loss of proprioception and fine touch Bilateral limb ataxia
27
What are the features of an anterior spinal artery occlusion?
Bilateral spastic paresis | Bilateral loss of pain and temp
28
What is MS?
Demyelination in CNS causing plaques disseminated in time and place
29
When does MS commonly present?
30s and 40s
30
What are the features of MS?
``` Optic neuritis Pyramidal dysfunction Sensory syndrome Cerebellar features Cognitive impairment Fatigue Symptoms that come and go ```
31
How is MS diagnosed?
At least 2 clinical episodes | MRI - difficult as needs to be during the episode
32
How is MS managed?
Interferon B Tectafira Monoclonal antibody Symptomatic management
33
What is L'hermitte's sign?
Sudden electric shock passing down neck and back
34
What is Uhthoff's sign?
increasing temperature worsens neuro symptoms
35
What are features of space occupying lesions?
``` Headache worse on waking, lying down, bending forward, and coughing Vomiting Papilloedema Seizures Focal neuro signs ```
36
What investigations are done in space occupying lesions?
CT, MRI
37
What masses is a brain MRI good for?
Posterior fossa masses
38
How is cerebral oedema managed?
Dexamethasone, mannitol if acute
39
If there is preservation, where is the brain tumour likely to be?
Frontal lobe
40
If there is dyspraxia and neglect, where is the brain tumour likely to be?
Parietal lobe
41
What is Guillian Barre?
Symmetrical ascending weakness starts a few weeks after an infection that lasts approx 4 weeks
42
How is Charcot-Marie-Tooth passed on?
Autosomal dominant - myelin gene
43
What are the features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth?
Pes cavus Foot drop Claw toes Weakness
44
What is the management of C-M-T?
Physio | Splints
45
What is Huntingtons?
Autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative condition
46
What are the features of Huntingtons?
Chorea progressive behaviour disturbance Dementia Eye movement abnormalities
47
What is the genetic abnormality in Huntingtons?
CAG repeat affecting Huntington gene on chromosome 4 leading to aggregation of mutated proteins in cells Affects earlier and earlier through generations
48
How many CAG repeats are needed in Huntingtons?
More than 40
49
What cranial nerves does a bulbar palsy affect?
CN: VII - XII
50
What are the features of bulbar palsy?
Weak and wasted tongue with fasciculations Drooling Dysphagia Raspy voice + slurred speech
51
What is pseudo bulbar palsy?
Disease of corticobulbar palsy
52
What are the features of pseudo bulbar palsy?
``` Unable to protrude tongue Donald duck speech Dribbling Dysphagia Exaggerated reflexes ```
53
What are cerebellar signs?
``` Dysdiadochokinesis Ataxia Slurred speech Hypotonia and reduced power Intention tremor Nystagmus Gait: broad based ```
54
What does a midline cerebellar lesion cause?
Disturbance of postural control
55
What are the 3 layers of cerebellum from outer to inner?
Purkinje Molecular Granular
56
What are the features of Horner's syndrome?
Miosis Ptosis pseudo-enophthalmos Anhydrosis
57
What are the causes of Horner's syndrome?
``` Pancoast's tumour Thyroidectomy Trauma Cervical rib Congenital ```
58
What is the typical onset of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?
Teenage girls
59
What is the presentation of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?
Bilateral myoclonic jerks often in the morning and provoked by sleep deprivation
60
What is the management of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?
Sodium valproate
61
What does the EEG show in West's syndrome?
Hypsarrhythmia
62
What is the presentation of West's syndrome?
Flexion of head, trunk, limbs --> arm extension Lasts 1-2 seconds, up to 50 times Progressive mental handicap
63
What is Lennox-Gustaut syndrome defined by?
Multiple seizure types EEG showing slow spike-and-wave discharges Impaired cognitive function
64
What is myasthenia gravis?
Autoimmune disorder resulting in insufficient functioning ACh receptors
65
What are the features of myasthenia gravis?
``` Fatigability of muscles Diplopia Proximal weakness Ptosis Dysphagia ```
66
What investigations are used for myasthenia gravis?
Single fibre EMG Normal CK Autoantibodies Tension test
67
What is the management of myasthenia gravis?
Pyridostigmine Prednisolone Thymectomy
68
What is the peak incidence of Bell's palsy?
20-40 year olds
69
What are the features of Bell's palsy?
``` Lower MN facial nerve palsy - forehead affected Post-auricular pain Altered taste Dry eyes Hyperacusis ```
70
What is the management of Bell's palsy?
eye care | Prednisolone
71
What is an extradural haematoma?
Bleeding into space between dura mater as a result of trauma
72
Which vessel is most commonly damaged in an extradural haematoma?
MMA
73
What are the features of an extradural haematoma?
Raised ICP | May exhibit lucid interval (concussion superimposed on injury)
74
What does an extradural look like on CT?
Apple shaped
75
What is a subdural haematoma?
Bleeding into outermost meningeal layer mostly around frontal and parietal lobes
76
What are risk factors for subdural haematoma?
Old age and alcoholism
77
What vessels are commonly damaged in subdural haemorrhage?
Bridging veins
78
What are features of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Sudden onset severe headache Photophobia Xanthochromia on LP Neck stiffness
79
What is dementia?
Progressive deficits in several cognitive domains
80
What is Alzheimers?
Enduring, progressive and global cognitive impairment
81
What is the pathophysiology of Alzheimers?
Accumulation of beta amyloid and tau protein aggregation
82
Where does damage in Alzheimers commonly occur?
Nucleus basalis of Meynert, hippocampus, amygdala
83
What are the risk factors for Alzheimer's?
Family history, Down's, vascular Res, depression
84
What is the management of Alzheimer's?
Donepezil Rivastigmine BP control
85
What is the progression of vascular dementia?
Sudden, step-wise
86
What are the features of Lewy body dementia?
Fluctuating cognitive impairment Visual hallucinations Parkinsonism
87
What are the features of Pick's dementia?
Executive impairment Behavioural change Disinhibition Emotional unconcern
88
What are mononeuropathies?
Lesions of individual peripheral/CN nerves
89
What are the causes of mono neuritis multiplex?
``` Wegeners AIDS RA Diabetes Sarcoidosis Leprosy ```
90
What are the spinal branches of the median nerve?
C6 - T1
91
What muscles does the median nerve supply?
``` LOAF Lumbricals Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis ```
92
What are the spinal branches of the ulnar nerve?
C7 - T1

Year 3 MBChB (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions