Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

X Pediatrics 2 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Central motor impairment secondary to fetal or infantile brain injury (nonprogressive but might not recognize sxs until later)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Etiologies of cerebral palsy

A 
Hypoxia
Trauma
Premature birth
Infections
Toxins
Structural abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the subtypes of cerebral palsy based on?

A

Where in the brain the problem is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sxs of cerebral palsy

A

Abnormal tone/posture
Retained primitive reflexes (to 9-12 mos)
Not reaching milestones (sit by 8 mos and walk by 18)
Excessive irritability
Poor feeding/drooling
Poor visual attention
Difficult to hold, cuddle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Management of cerebral palsy

A

Early recognition, referral intervention

Sxs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the chiari type 1 malformation?

A

Cerebellar tonsils displaced caudally below foramen magnum (can be associated with syringomyelia which is a fluid filled cyst in the spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sxs of chiari malformation type 1

A 
Might not see until teen or adult
Loss of abdominal reflex
HA
Neurologic sxs associated with syringomyelia
(cape like distribution of numbness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a chiari type II malformation?

A

Type 1 + myelomeningocele

Usually detect prenatally or at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sxs of chiari type II malformation

A

Hydrocephalus
Dysphagia
UE weakness
Apneic spells and aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

Incomplete closure of spinal canal (usually lower back)
No or mild signs
Hairy patch, dimple, dark spot, swelling on back at site of gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a meningocele?

A

Outpouching of spinal fluid and meninges through vertebral cleft
Mild problems with sac protrusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a myelomeningocele?

A

Most severe!
Spinal cord and nerves protrude from vertebral cleft
Weakness, loss of bladder and/or bowel control, hydrocephalus, inability to walk
Learning probs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reasons for spinal dyraphisms

A

Genetics
Low folate
Meds during pregnancy
Poorly managed diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tx of spinal dyraphisms

A

Early recognition with US of AFP blood test
Prevention by taking folate
Neuro referral so surgery or shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Increased volume of CSF and causing ventricular dilation and increased ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 types of hydrocephalus

A

Obstructive (blockage)

Non-obstructive (impaired absorption or rarely overproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Etiologies of hydrocephalus

A 
CNS malformations
Infection
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Genetic defects
Trauma
CNS tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sxs of hydrocephalus

A 
Asymptomatic
Bradycardia, HTN, altered respiration
HA, n/v, behavior
Papilledema
Macrocephaly
Spasticity
Diplopia
Spinal abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diagnostic testing for hydrocephalus

A

Newborns: US

Older infants/kids: MRI or CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Management of hydrocephalus

A

Refer to neuro and shunt (from head to peritoneal space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Head circumference > 2 standard deviations below mean or <5th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary or secondary microcephaly

A

Primary: lack of brain development or abnormal development due to timing of insult
Secondary: injury or insult to previously normal brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reasons for microcephaly

A 
Genetic
Prenatal and perinatal injury
Craniosynostosis (sutures close too early)
Postnatal injury
Metabolic
Toxin exposure
24
Q

Possible sxs of microcephaly

A

Delayed milestones
Seizures or spasticity
Fontanelle may close early and sutures are prominent

25
What is macrocephaly?
Head circumference >2 SD above mean or above 95th percentile
26
What causes macrocephaly?
``` Due to increase in size of any components of cranium (brain CSF etc) Rapid growth (Increased ICP), catch up growth, normal growth rate and genetic ```
27
Manifestations of NF1
``` Cafe au lait macules Axillary and inguinal freckling Lisch nodules Optic glioma Neurofibromas (macrocephaly, seizures, cognitive) ```
28
Most common primary HA
Migraine and tension
29
Most common secondary HA
Acute febrile illness
30
Characteristics of a migraine
``` Focal, unilateral or bilateral 2-72 hrs Moderate to severe Pulsatile/throbbing Aggravated with activity or reduced activity ```
31
Characteristics of a tension HA
``` Diffuse, frontal or temporal (hat band distribution) 30 min-7 days Mild to moderate Constant pressure, non-throbbing Not aggravated with activity ```
32
When to worry with a HA
``` Abnormal neuro of visual exam Severe when wake up or awaken in middle of night Daily sxs with progressive worsening Accompanied with vomiting Acute onset with previous history Increased with coughing or bending ```
33
What is a pseudotumor cerebri?
Idiopathic intracranial HTN Increased ICP without mass or hydrocephalus *obese teenage girl
34
Sxs of pseudotumor cerebri
HA and papilledema! Visual sxs Visual field loss, visual acuity loss Pulsatile tinnitus
35
Diagnostics for pseudotumor cerebri
``` Neuro eval (MRI or LP) Opthalmo ```
36
Management for pseudotumor cerebri
Manage sxs and preserve vision Acetazolamide (reduce rate of CSF production) Topiramate (control HA and reduce weight) Furosemide (reduce fluid and pressure) Weight loss, shunt fluid etc
37
What classifies epilepsy?
>2 seizures occurring more than 24 hrs apart
38
Types of seizures
Focal/partial Generalized Unknown Unclassified
39
Features of an absence seizure
Sudden impairment of consciousness w/o loss of tone Provoked by hyperventilation!! Genetic B/w 4-10 and most spontaneous remission by puberty Arrest in activity (9-10 sec and over 10x/day)
40
1st line med for absence seizure
Ethosuximide
41
Features of febrile seizure
Convulsion with temp >38C (100.4F) Age 6 mos-5 yrs Associated with virus Maybe genetic
42
Simple vs complex febrile seizure
Simple: most common, <15 min Complex: focal, >15 min or >1/24 hrs
43
Management for febrile seizure longer than 5 min
IV benzodiazepines
44
What is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in healthy infant/child?
Guillian-Barre syndrome
45
What happens before Guillian Barre syndrome?
Illness (mostly campylobacter)
46
Sxs of Guillian Barre syndrome
Ascending symmetric weakness Neuropathic pain Gait instability or refusal to walk Absent reflexes
47
Most specific diagnostic for guillian barre syndrome
``` Electrodiagnostic studies (EMG) Others are CSF (increased protein with normal WBC) or spinal MRI and maybe contrast ```
48
Management of guillian barre syndrome
Hospitalize | Tx with IVIG or plasma exchange
49
Sxs of botulism
Descending weakness Constipation, poor feeding Hypotonia, loss of DTRs Irritable and lethargic
50
How to diagnose botulism?
Stool sample and EMG
51
Tx for botulism
Hospitalize | Botulism immune globulin (BIG-IV or babyBIG)
52
What is duchenne muscular dystrophy?
``` X-linked recessive disorder Defect in genes responsible for muscle function Elevated muscle enzymes Age 2-3 onset with more severe sxs Wheelchair by 13 ```
53
Sxs of duchenne muscular dystrophy
``` Progressive weakness (proximal before distal, LE first) Gower's sign (hands to get up) Pseudohypertrophy of calves Growth delay Cognitive impairement ```
54
Associations with duchenne muscular dystrophy
Cardiomyopathy Orthopedic complications Cognitive impairment
55
Management for DMD
Glucocorticoids
56
Features of becker muscular dystrophy
Sxs onset later Muscle involvement is not as severe CK elevated over 5x more Cardiomyopathy may be more predominant

X Pediatrics 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions