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Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands? A) temporal B) parietal C) occipital D) frontal

A

D) frontal

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2
Q

You have read with interest Terje Lomos original observations on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rabbit hippocampus. You are convinced that subsequent research provides strong evidence for a role of LTP in memory formation.This role depends upon which neuronal property? A. Faster signal conduction B. Increased pre-synaptic excitability C. Increased axonal branching D. Reduced numbers of synapses E. Increased synaptic strength

A

E. Increased synaptic strength

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3
Q
  • indirect
  • mostly subconcious
  • doesn’t pass down to spine, but to brain stem nuclei (ANS)

Which motor neuron pathway does this describe?

A

Extra-pyramidal

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4
Q

If the dorsal coloumn pathway is damaged, where does damage show i.e. contra or ipsilateral side

A

Ipsilateral side as the axon doesn’t decasate

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5
Q

In a ‘generic’ sensory pathway, where would a 2nd order neuron most likely be located?

A

•Cell body in dorsal horn or Brain stem

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6
Q

If someone injures their head and loses vision in the left field, what brain region is damaged? A) Left Parietal Lobe B) Right Parietal lobe C) Left occipital lobe D) Right occipital lobe E) Left optic nerve

A

D) Right occipital lobe

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7
Q

Describe proprioceptive deafferentation

A

interuption/disruption of the afferent nerve cells

Without the usual proprioceptive input from the dorsal horn, the sensory pathway is virtually unable to make meaningful movements

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8
Q

Name the 6 main sensory receptors responsible for limb proprioception

A
  • pacinian corpuscle
  • raffini ending
  • free nerve endings
  • Golgi tendon organ
  • Kinaesthetic receptors
  • muscle spindle
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9
Q

what are the two motor pathway categories in the spinal cord?

A

Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal

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10
Q

What are chemically gated ion channels opened by

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Describe what triggers an action potential

A

All or nothing event An increase in membrane potential above the threshold potential (usually around -70mV)

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12
Q

what is a sensory neuron

A

neurons responsible for converting external stimuli from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli. They are activated by sensory input, and send projections to other elements of the nervous system, ultimately conveying sensory information to the brain or spinal cord.

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used in the post-ganglionic sympathetic innervation of sweat glands in the skin? A) Noradrenaline B) Acetylcholine C) Dopamine D) Glutamaye E) Serotonin

A

B) Acetylcholine

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14
Q

Describe the role of proprioception in the control of normal movement

A

The sense though which we perceive the position and movement of our body, including our sense of equilibrium and balance (senses that depend on the notion of force)

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15
Q

How does botox work

A

cleaves SNARE proteins to stop Ach vesicles fusing to the terminal bouton. This prevents exocytosis, and ‘freezes’ the muscle

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16
Q

Where is the vestibular system?

A

The inner ear

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17
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

cell type in the CNS concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system.

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18
Q

What are the 3 basic functional classes of a neuron

A

sensory interneuron motor

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19
Q

What does ischaemic damage do to nerves

A

Cellular respiration stops Cells depolarise Massive calcium influx Excitotoxicity (glutamate)

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20
Q

Describe the withdrawal reflex

A
  • Pain signal travels along the Ad fibre, to the dorsal root ganglion
  • travels across an interneuron to the anterior horn cell
  • travels along a motor neuron to move e..g the hand
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21
Q

In a ‘generic’ sensory pathway, where would a 1st order neuron most likely be located?

A

•Sensory cell body in DRG

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22
Q

Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the muscle spindle fibres use

A

Spinocerebellar- unconcious

Muscle/Tendon

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cell seen in the PNS

A
  • Satellite cells - Schwann cells
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24
Q

Botulinum toxin interferes with neuronal signalling by blocking exocytosis. What type of biological molecule is normally released in this situation? A. Neurotransmitter B. Peptide hormone C. Phospholipid D. Prostaglandin E. Steroid hormone

A

A. Neurotransmitter

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25
what are ependymal cells
epithelial cells in the CNS which mainly produce CSF
26
Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS? A) dura mater B) arachnoid mater C) subarachnoid D) pia mater
A) dura mater
27
describe what happens at the synaptic cleft
1. action potential reaches the pre-synaptic knob 2. vesicles are transported to the membrane by the SNARE complex 3. vesicle contents (ACh) released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft 4. ACh binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic knob 5. Na released causing depolarisation 6. Action potential propagated
28
Fill in the blanks: The brain is folded inwards, producing ------ (rounded ridges). The grooves in between these are ------. Deeper versions of these are called ------. A) Sulci, Grooves, Fissures B) Fissures, Gyri, Sulci C) Gyri, Fissures, Sulci D) Gyri, Sulci, Fissures
D) Gyri, Sulci, Fissures
29
Why do we have 3 semicircular canals at different angles?
To detect movement in the 3 planes
30
what are astrocytes
the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow.
31
How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft
-diffuse away in the cleft -broken down by enzymes -reuptaken and transported to neighbouring cells
32
What are the 4 types of glial cell seen in the CNS
Astrocytes Microglial cells Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes
33
What is the SNARE complex
a group of proteins which mediate vesicle fusion, that is, the fusion of vesicles with their target membrane bound compartments
34
What do muscle spindles detect
proprioception
35
What do free nerve endings detect
pain, temperature, light touch
36
What do kinaesthetic receptors detect
proprioception
37
Where does the indirect spinothalamic pathway go?
NOT to the somatosensory cortex, but to other areas of the brain such as: * reticular formation * hypothalamus * limbic system * periaqueducted grey- descending pain modulation
38
What do raffian endings detect
Stretching of skin/muscle and heavy touch pressure
39
What is the function of the scarpes ganglion
(a vestibular ganglion) Projects nerves to the vestibular nuclei via the vestibular nerve
40
function of the utricle
posture and equilibrium during linear accleration in the horizontal plane
41
what is a motor neuron
eurons located in the central nervous system, and they project their axons outside of the CNS to directly or indirectly control muscles. They interface between a motor neuron and the neuromuscular junction.
42
Describe the projection of the spinocerebellar pathway
* 1st order neuron in DGR synapses in dorsal horn * 2nd order neuron projects ipsilaterally to the cerebellum
43
What are voltage-gated ion channels opened by
Changes in membrane potential
44
"At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to which ion? A. Calcium B. Chloride C. Magnesium D. Potassium E. Sodium
D. Potassium
45
What is the difference between graded and action potentials.
An action potential is a binary all-or-nothing event, while a graded potential is an analog signal based on the amplitude of the signal
46
Parkinsons disease is a neurological condition, characterised by hypokinesia (diminished motor function), tremor and muscular rigidity. L-DOPA is used to treat this disease because? A. Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier B. L-DOPA evokes dopamine release C. L-DOPA selectively antagonises enzymes which inactivate dopamine D. The chemical synthesis of dopamine is uneconomic E. The effects of L-DOPA are longer lasting than those of dopamine
A. Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier
47
what are the two areas of the spinothalamic pathway (in the spinal cord)?
ventral spinothalamic (crude touch) lateral spinothalamic (pain/heat)
48
"What is the innermost protective layer of the brain? A. Arachnoid membrane B. Arachnoid trabecula C. Cerebrospinal layer D. Dura mater E. Pia mater
E. Pia mater
49
Function of the semicircular canals
posture and equilibrium during rotational/angular acceleration
50
where does the corticobulbar pathway go?
face, head and neck
51
In a 'generic' sensory pathway, where would a 2nd order neuron most likely be located?
•Cell body in thalamus
52
What is the cell body
each neurone has a cell body (or soma) that contains a nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other cellular components.
53
The frontal lobe controls: A) higher cognition B) memory C) Olfaction D) spatial awareness
A) higher cognition
54
The movement of which ion initially depolarises the membrane to activate Ca2+ channels? A) Calcium B) Chloride C) Magnesium D) Potassium E) Sodium
E) Sodium
55
Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the kinaesthetic receptor use
Dorsal column- fine touch/vibrations Skin and Joints
56
If the spinothalamic pathway is damaged- where does damage present i.e. contra or ipsilateral side?
contralateral side as the pathway descasates
57
What are the 4 main stages of an action potential
1. resting state 2. depolarisation 3. repolarisation 4. hyperpolarisation
58
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for control of skeletal muscle contraction? A) Sympathetic B) Parasympathetic C) Enteric D) Somatic
D) Somatic
59
What are the 3 '-neurium' layers of a nerve
endoneurium (innermost) perineurium epineurium (outermost)
60
Function of the ampullae
a structure in the vestibular system, providing the sense of spatial orientation. Give us vectoral information regarding acceleration and location
61
what is saltatory conduction
where the AP 'jumps' between nodes of ranvier increasing the conduction speed
62
Which of these is not a type of glial cell? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Astrocytes D) Motor neuron
D) Motor neuron
63
What are microglia
cells derived from mesoderm that function as macrophages (scavengers) in the central nervous system
64
What is conduction velocity dependent on
the axon diameter myelination
65
What are the 3 nerve injury classifications of Seddon's classification scheme
1. Neurapraxia 2. Axonotmesis 3. Neurotmesis
66
State the 3 inputs which work together to coordinate meaningful muscle movements
* Visual input * Vestibular input * Proprioceptive input
67
What are the general roles of the glial cells
Surround and support neurons Electrical insulation Supply nutrients Maintain chemical environment Destroy / remove dead cells and pathogens
68
what is an electrical synapse
direct electrical connections formed by connexons which all the cell to act as a functional syncytium with other cells
69
Which system is depicted here
The vestibular system
70
where does the corticospinal pathway go?
to the spine
71
What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus? A) ependymal cell B) astrocyte C) oligodendrocyte D) Schwann cell
A) ependymal cell
72
How is the SNARE complex affected by botox
the SNARE proteins are cleaved by botox, resulting in the prevention of the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis.
73
* direct * concious * down spine to spinal level target * axons project down through pyramids of medulla Which type of motor neuron is this a description of?
Pyramidal
74
What are otolith organs
The otolith organs sense gravity and linear acceleration such as from due to initiation of movement in a straight line. A set of hair cells are coupled to a mass of stones.
75
The parietal lobe controls: A) Speech B) Proprioception C) Personality D) Voluntary motor action
B) Proprioception
76
Name two of the extrapyramidal pathways
–Rubrospinal –Tectospinal –Vestibulospinal –Reticulospinal
77
Outline a very basic concept for how we control movement
78
what does the spinocerebellar pathway control
unconcious movements, balance, fine tuning of motor control
79
What is an axon
a structure that carries an electrical impulse from the cell body (or from another cell’s dendrites) to the structures at opposite end of the neuron—axon terminals,
80
Describe what happens in the ageing process to the CNS
Neuronal atrophy Loss of myelination Noisy processing Dopamine loss
81
What is the refractory period
short phase in time following an action potential where another action potential cannot be generated. Means that the AP must travel forwards, and not back down the axon.
82
State 3 target areas in the brain for proprioceptive information
Somatosensory cortex and associative areas: early cognition Primary motor cortex: e.g. initiation of motor control Pre-motor cortex: e.g. develops patterns of movement Cerebellum: e.g. refinement of motor control Brain stem nuclei: e.g. refinement of motor control Spinal cord: e.g. spinal reflex loops
83
What is the resting membrane potential maintained by
leak channels and Na/K ATPase
84
Describe what happens in the ageing process to the PNS
Declined axonal transport Axonal atrophy Myelin loss Impaired regeneration
85
what does the dorsal column pathway control?
fine touch and concious proprioception
86
What are dendrites
branch-like structures extending away from the cell body, and their job is to receive messages from other neurons and allow those messages to travel to the cell body.
87
What do pacinian corpuscles detect
Changes in pressure
88
What do golgi tendon organs detect
proprioception
89
what is an interneuron
neither sensory nor motor; rather, they act as the “middle men” that form connections between the other two types. Located in the CNS, they operate locally, meaning their axons connect only with nearby sensory or motor neurons.
90
How do otolith organs work
* When the stones accelerate, with respect to the hairs, they exert a shearing force on the hairs. * This force is detected by the hair cells and sent to the brain via branches of the vestibular nerve. * The utricle sends input to the brain via the superior division of the nerve, and the saccule, via the inferior division.
91
Describe the projection of the generic motor neuron
1. UMN, axon from the somatic motor cortex projects down through spine and decasates 2. May be an interneuron 3. LMN axon projects through the ventral root of the dorsal horn
92
Where is the sensory homunculus found?
somatosensory cortex, post-central gyrus, parietal lobe
93
Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the raffian corpuscle use
Dorsal column- fine touch/vibrations Skin and Joints
94
what is the purpose of the extrapyramidal motor pathway
•Modifies movements: Modulatory actions on LMN
95
Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the pacinian corpuscle use
Dorsal column- fine touch/vibrations Skin and Joints
96
Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the free nerve ending use
Spinothalemic- concious Detects changes in skin
97
Which of these are not roles of the basal ganglia? A) involuntary movement B) some cognitive function C) sleep
C) sleep
98
What does the spinothalamic pathway send information regarding?
pain, heat, vague sense of touch
99
What type of pathway is the spinothalamic pathway?
sensory pathway
100
What is the resting membrane potential
the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when that cell is in a rested state
101
Which pathway (spinothalemic, spinocerebellar or dorsal coloumn) does the golgi tendon organ use
Spinocerebellar- unconsious Muscles/Tendon
102
function of the saccule
measures posture and equilibrium during linear accleration in vertical accleration

(Physio) Health Sciences (10 decks)

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