Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine Year 4 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the five secondary brain vesicles?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Metencephalon, myelencephalon (hindbrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the brainstem made up of?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two main cell types in the CNS?

A

Neurons and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which glial cells function as support cells, maintaining the blood-brain barrier and in environmental homeostasis?

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which glial cells are responsible for producing myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which glial cells are responsible for antigen-presenting in the CNS?

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which glial cells line the ventricles?

A

Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is white matter in the brain made up of?

A

Axons (mostly myelinated) and their support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is grey matter in the brain made up of?

A

Huge numbers of neurons, cells processes, synapses and support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made up of?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many paired spinal nerves are in the spinal cord?

A

31 paired spinal nerves

C1-8
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
Coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do the spinal nerve roots pass until they reach the appropriate intervertebral foramina?

A

Subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The spinal cord terminates in a tapered cone shape… what is this called?

A

Conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the name of the thin connective tissue cord which connects the conus medullaris to the dorsum of the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four somatic senses?

A

Touch, proprioception, pain and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three types of somatosensory fibres?

A

Non-myelinated (type C), small (type A-δ) and large (type A-α or A-β)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which somatosensory fibres are the slowest and senses burning pain and hot temperatures?

A

Non-myelinated fibres (type C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which somatosensory fibres sense sharp pain, cold temperature and gross touch?

A

Small myelinated fibres (type A-δ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which somatosensory fibres are the fastest and sense proprioception, vibration and fine touch?

A

Large myelinated fibres (type A-α or A-β)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex located?

A

Parietal lobe of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two somatosensory pathways?

A

Medial lemniscal pathway (posterior) and spinothalamic pathway (anterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What information does the medial lemniscal pathway carry?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What type of somatosensory fibre make up the first-order neuron of the medial lemniscal pathway?
Large myelinated fibres (type A-α or A-β)
26
What part of the spinal cord do the first-order neurons of the medial lemniscal pathway run through?
Posterior funiculus - cuneate fascicle for upper body - gracilis fascicle for lower body
27
Where does the first synapse of the medial lemniscal pathway occur?
Medulla
28
Where does the medial lemniscal pathway decussate?
Medulla
29
Where does the second synapse of the medial lemniscal pathway occur?
Thalamus
30
Where does the third synapse of the medial lemniscal pathway occur?
Sensory cortex of parietal lobe
31
What information does the spinothalamic pathway carry?
Pain, temperature and crude touch
32
What type of somatosensory fibres make up the first-order neuron of the spinothalamic pathway?
Small myelinated (sharp pain, cold temperature) and non-myelinated (hot temperature, burning pain and crude touch)
33
Where does the first synapse of the spinothalamic pathway occur?
Posterior horn of the spinal cord
34
Where does the spinothalamic pathway decussate?
In the spinal cord - two vertebral segments above where it entered
35
After spinothalamic fibres decussate in the spinal cord, neurons are then carried through one of two tracts to the thalamus. What are these tracts?
Lateral tract (carries information for pain, pressure and temperature through lateral funiculus) Anterior tract (carries information for crude touch through anterior funicular)
36
Where does the second synapse of the spinothalamic pathway occur?
Thalamus
37
Where does the third synapse of the spinothalamic pathway occur?
Sensory cortex of the parietal lobe
38
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Frontal lobe of the brain (along the precentral gyrus)
39
What are the two pyramidal tracts and their functions?
Corticospinal tract - forms efferent nerve fibres of UMNs to conduct impulses from brain to spinal cord Corticobulbar tract - conducts impulses from brain to cranial nerves
40
Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?
85% at medulla to form lateral corticospinal tract. | Remaining 15% become the anterior corticospinal tract which decussates further down the spinal cord.
41
What part of the body does the lateral corticospinal tract control?
Muscles of limbs
42
What part of the body does the anterior corticospinal tract control?
Muscles of trunk
43
What tracts make up the extra-pyramidal system?
Tectospinal, reticulospinal and vestibulospinal
44
What is the function of the tectospinal tract?
Though to mediate reflex head and neck movement to visual/auditory stimuli
45
What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
Coordinates automatic locomotion, posture movement and voluntary movement Has two parts, pons and medulla, with opposing actions on extensor and flexor movement
46
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Maintains upright balance and posture through action on muscles of trunk and legs
47
Spinal cord hemisection results in paralysis on the same side and loss of sensation on the opposite side. What is this called?
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
48
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Coordination movement, controlling posture, balance and fine motor movement, and for motor learning
49
What is the name of the fibrous membrane separating the brain from the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli (fold of dura mater)
50
What is the name of the narrow ridge separating the cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
51
What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex?
Molecular layer (outer) Purkinje cell layer (middle) Granular cell layer (inner)
52
What is deep to the cerebellar cortex?
White matter AKA arbor vitae
53
What are the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei located deep within the white matter?
Lateral to medial - dentate nucleus - interposed nuclei (globose and emboliform nuclei) - fastigial nucleus
54
Where does input to the cerebellum arrive?
Cerebellar peduncles and then project mainly to the granular cell layer
55
What attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?
A stalk of tissue divided into three parts: superior, middle and inferior peduncles
56
What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular lobes
57
Where does the output from the cerebellum originate from?
Axons from Purkinje cells
58
Where do axons from Purkinje cell layer in the cerebellum synapse?
Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei
59
Where do the neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei synapse?
Most cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus, which in turn sends fibres to the motor cortex
60
What are the three functional divisions of the cerebellum and their functions?
Cerebrocerebellum/pontocerebellum - largest division formed of lateral hemispheres, involved in planning movements/motor learning Spinocerebellum - consists of the vermis and intermediate part of hemispheres, receives input from spinal cord about proprioception and aids regulation of movement Vestibulocerebellum - consists of the flocculonodular lobe and immediately adjacent vermis, receives vestibular input about balance and eye movement
61
Do cerebellar hemispheres influence the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body?
Ipsilateral
62
How will a unilateral hemispheric lesion of the cerebellum present?
Ipsilateral disturbance of limb coordination and can result in an intention tremor and unsteady gait in absence of weakness or sensory loss
63
How will a bilateral hemispheric lesion of the cerebellum present?
Slowed, slurred speech (dysarthria), bilateral incoordination of the arms and a staggering, wide-based gait (cerebellar ataxia)
64
How will a midline lesion of the cerebellum present?
Disturbance of postural control - patient will tend to fall over from standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination
65
How does acute alcohol exposure affect the cerebellum?
It will typically result in bilateral cerebellar hemisphere dysfunction and presents with cerebellar ataxia

Medicine Year 4 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions