Neuromodulators II: Serotonin and Noradrenaline

Question 1

VTA

Answer 1

dopamine

Question 2

Raphe Nucleus

Answer 2

serotonin

Question 3

Locus Coeruleus

Answer 3

Noradrenaline

Question 4

Mesencephalic

Answer 4

acetylcholine

Question 5

the noadrenergic system is located where?

Answer 5

pons in the brainstem

Question 6

sex differences in the central adrenergic system

Answer 6

the increase of neurons stop after birth in males by P45 and in females by P60

females have about 16% more noradrenergic neurons than males.

Question 7

adrenergic receptors are BLANK and are divided by 2 families containing several subtypes:

Answer 7

x and B

Question 8

x2 receptors

Answer 8

reduce the synthesis of cAMP(like D2 receptors)

inhibitory receptors

Question 9

x1 receptors

Answer 9

operate via phosphoinositide second messenger system (like D1 receptors)

excitatory receptors

Question 10

b1 and b2

Answer 10

adrenoceptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase and enhance the synthesis of cAMP(like D1 receptors)

excitatory receptors

Question 11

the facilitatory effects on PFC-related cognitive processes are mediated primarily by

Answer 11

activation of the alpha2 receptors

Question 12

in the lateral hypothalamic area, BLANk receptors play the most important role in NE BLANK and BLANk

Answer 12

Alpha 1

arousal and wakefulness

Question 13

MDMA

Answer 13

stimulate the release of serotonin

Question 14

how many serotonin receptors are there?

Answer 14

14

Question 15

the monoamine hypothesis

Answer 15

basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and or dopamine in the CNS

Question 16

why selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors don’t work properly in the treatment of Major Depression disorders?

Answer 16

1.) there are 14 different types of serotonin receptors in the brain that work in opposite directions

2.) Temporal and chemical concentration limitation