Neuromuscular and Nervous System

Question 1

Divisions of the brain

Answer 1

• *forebrain (prosencephalon): telencephalon-cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala;diencephalon- thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
• *midbrain (mesencephalon): tectum- suprior and inferior colliculi; tegmentum- cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleus
• • hindbrain (rhombencephalon): metencephalon- cerebellum, pons; myelencephalon- medulla oblongata

Question 2

divisions of the brainstem

Answer 2

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata- brainstem is noted seperately to acknowledge its components since it incorporates the midbrain with specific sections of the hindbrain

Question 3

divisions of the spinal cord

Answer 3

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels; afferent and efferent tracts; inner core of gray matter and superficial white mater

Question 4

characteristics of the CNS

Answer 4

• main centers where integration and coordination of NS info occurs
• covered in a system of meninges and suspended in CSF for protection
• surrounded by skull and vertebral column for protection
• gray matter consists of unmyelinated neurons and contain capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, and dendrites
• white matter consists of myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers w/o dendrites
• white matter of the SC is divided into 3 funiculi: ant, lateral and dorsal columns
• brain divided into L and R cerebral hemispheres
• each hemisphere of the brain contains a frontal lobs, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe

Question 5

Divisions of the PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Answer 5

cranial nerves (12 pairs that exit the skull through the foramina); spinal nerves and ganglia/plexuses: 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)

Question 6

Characteristics of the PNS

Answer 6

• bundles of nerve fibers and axons are supported by connective tissue and conduct info to the CNS
• encased in fibrous sheaths, however, relatively unprotected
• spinal nerves each have an ant. root carrying motor info away from the CNS (efferent fibers) and a post. root carrying info regarding sensation to the CNS (afferent)
• ganglia are clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to the peripheral and central nerve fibers
• ganglia are divided into sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia

Question 7

Divisions of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Answer 7

sympathetic division (prepares the body for emergency response, NE neurotransmitter; generally a stimulating response) and parasympathetic division (conserving and restoring energy; AcH neurotransmitter; generally an inhibitory response)

Question 8

Characteristics of the ANS

Answer 8

• anatomically contains portions of the CNS and PNS
• concerned with innervation for involuntary processes, glands, internal organs, and smooth muscle
• emphasis on homeostasis and a person’s response to stress
• impulses often do not reach out consciousness
• impulses produce largely automatic responses

Question 9

Somatic nervous system (SNS) divisions

Answer 9

peripheral and motor nerve fibers

Question 10

Characteristics of the SNS

Answer 10

• peripheral nerve fibers send sensory info to the CNS
• motor nerve fibers send info to skeletal muscles
• somatic motor neurons travel directly to skeletal ms w/o intervening synapses
• all nerve fibers are myelinated
• controls voluntary mvmts and provides ability to sense touch, smell, sight, taste and sound
• all 5 senses are influenced by the SNS

Question 11

Divisions of the limbic system

Answer 11

corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampul gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei

Question 12

Characteristics of the limbic system

Answer 12

• involved in the control and expression of mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, and emotional responses to food
• lesions to the limbic system can also result in a variety of behaviors including aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior, and changes in motivation

Question 13

Examples of ANS disorders

Answer 13

constipation, erectile dysfunction, Horner’s syndrome, vasovagal syncope, orthostatic hypotension, and postural tachycardia syndrome

Question 14

Interhemispheric tissue of the cerebrum (medial longitudinal)

Answer 14

separates the 2 cerebral hemipheres

Question 15

sylvian tissue of the cerebrum (lateral)

Answer 15

anterior portion separates the temporal and frontal lobes; posterior postion separates the temporal and parietal lobes

Question 16

Central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando)

Answer 16

separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally

Question 17

parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 17

separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially

Question 18

calcarine sulcus

Answer 18

separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves

Question 19

Left hemisphere specialization/dominance

Answer 19

language, sequence and perform movements, understand language, produce written and spoken language, analytical, controlled, logical, rational, mathematical calculations, express positive emotions such as love and happiness, process verbally coded information in an organized, logical and sequential manner

Question 20

Ride hemisphere specialization/dominance

Answer 20

nonverbal processing, process information in a holistic manner, artistic abilities, general concept comprehension, hand-eye coordination, spatial relationships, kinesthetic awareness, understand music, understand nonverbal communication, mathematical reasoning, express negative emotions, body image awareness

Question 21

function of the frontal lobe

Answer 21

• voluntary movement (primary motor cortex/precentral gyrus), intellect, orientation
• Broca’s area (typically located in the L hemisphere): speech concentration
• personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self-awareness, executive functions

Question 22

Impairment of frontal lobe

Answer 22

• contralateral weakness
• perseveration, inattention
• personality changes, antisocial behavior
• impaired concentration, apathy
• Broca’s aphasia (expressive deficits)
• delayed or poor initiation
• emotional lability

Question 23

function of the parietal lobe

Answer 23

• associated with sensation or touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temperature
• receives info from other areas of the brain regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory
• provides meaning for objects
• interprets language and words
• spatial and visual perception

Question 24

impairment of parietal lobe

Answer 24

• dominant hemisphere (typically in the L hemisphere): agraphia, alexia, agnosia
• non-dominanat hemisphere (typically located in the R hemisphere): dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
• contralateral sensory deficits
• impaired language comprehension
• impaired taste

Question 25

Function of temporal lobe

Answer 25

- primary audiotry processing and olfaction - Wernicke's area (typically located in the L hemisphere): ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language - the rear of the temporal lobe enables humans to interpret other peoples' emotions and reactions

Question 26

impairments of temporal lobe

Answer 26

- learning deficits - Wernicke's aphasia (receptive deficits) - antisocial, aggressive behaviors - difficulty with facial recognition - difficulty with memory, memory loss - inability to categorize objects

Question 27

functions of occipital lobe

Answer 27

- main processing center for visual info - process visual info regarding colors, light and shapes - judgment of distance, seeing in 3 dimensions

Question 28

impairment of occipital lobe

Answer 28

- homonymous hemianopsia - impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits - impaired color recognition - reading and writing impairment - cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement

Question 29

Basal ganglia

Answer 29

gray matter masses located deep within white matter of the cerebrum and include the caudate, putamen, globes pallid us, substantial nigra and sub thalamic nuclei; collectively responsible for voluntary mvmt, regulation of autonomic mvmt, posture, ms tone, and control of motor responses; dysfunction of BG has been assoc. w/ Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, attention-deficit disorder, OCD, and many addictions