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Biomechanics > Neuromuscular Basis Of Human Movement > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Basis Of Human Movement Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Nerve impulse (action potential)

A

The signal that passes from one neuron to the next and finally the end organ (muscle fibers)

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2
Q

Pathway of Nerve Impulse

A

Travels from cell body to axon to terminal

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3
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Dynamic equilibrium at -70mV
Potassium inside, sodium outside
Polarized membrane

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4
Q

Depolarization

A

Nerves transmit information by changing the potential across the membrane
RMP moves closer to 0mV

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5
Q

Threshold

A

Before a nerve can be depolarized and an AP started, there must be sufficient stimulation
Typical nerve threshold = -55mV
No threshold = no AP

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6
Q

Afférent Pathways

A

Afférent neurons send sensory information to the CNS

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7
Q

Efferent Pathways

A

Efferent neurons send executing information to periphery

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8
Q

CNS

A

Brain, spinal cord, human movement initiated, controlled, and monitored

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9
Q

PNS

A

Branching nerves outside of spinal cord

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10
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

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11
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry signals to muscle

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12
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Ascending into to spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Descending info from CNS/spinal cord to muscles

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Afférent to efférent
Efférent to efferent
Higher centers to spinal cords

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15
Q

Soma

A

Body of cell

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16
Q

Ganglia

A

Bundles or cell bodies just outside the spinal cord

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Projections on the cell body that serve as receivers

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18
Q

Axon

A

Large nerve fiber that branches out from spinal cord

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19
Q

Alpha motor neuron

A

Large, rapidly transmitting neuron

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20
Q

Myelinated

A

Covered with an insulated shell

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21
Q

Schwann cells

A

Insulation enveloping specific section of axon

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22
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gap in between Schwann cells

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23
Q

Synapse

A

Small gap between terminal branch of neuron and muscle

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24
Q

Motor unit

A

Composed of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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25
Motor unit fibers
# of fibers depends on the precision of movement required of that muscle # of motor units decreases with age
26
All or none principle
When motor units receive sufficient stimulation, all fibers of a motor unit produce tension together
27
Recruitment
Increasing the # of stimulated motor units
28
Rate coding
Increasing the stimulation rate of the active motor units
29
Rate coding - twitch
The effect of a single stimulus
30
Rate coding - summation
The overall effect of added stimuli
31
Rate coding - tetanus
Sustained maximal tension due to high frequency stimulation
32
Type I fibers
Slow contraction time Generates little tension Highly fatigue resistant Maintaining posture Distance runner
33
Type IIa
Fast contraction time More fatigue resistance than type IIb Swimming and bicycling
34
Type IIx fibers
Rapid contraction time Innervated by alpha motor units Large neuron to fiber ratios Sprinting, jumping, weightlifting
35
Tension generation
Determined by size and number of motor units recruited
36
Order of motor unit activation
Type I Type IIa Type IIb
37
Asynchronous activation
Activation is temporarily spaced but summed with all preceding motor unit activity
38
Synchronous activation
Large and small motor units activated together Ballistic movements, adaptation from weight training
39
Frequency coding
High frequency can induce high tension production (rate coding)
40
Sensory neurons
Neurons that carry impulses to CNS
41
Reflex
Involuntary response to stimuli
42
Monosynaptic reflex arc
When sensory neuron is stimulated, it facilitates the stimulation of a spinal motor neuron
43
Myotatic reflex
Causes contraction of a muscle being stretched Also called stretch reflex
44
Flexor reflex
Initiated by painful stimulus Causes quick withdrawal/flexion of the limb
45
Cutaneous reflex
Causes relaxation of muscle with heat or massage
46
Priopriospinal reflexes
Reflexes processed on both sides and at different levels of the spinal cord
47
Crossed extensor reflex
Causes extension of flexed limb when contralateral limb rapidly flexes
48
Tonic neck reflex
Causes flexion or extension of the limbs when head flexes or extends, respectively
49
Supraspinal reflexes
Reflexes brought into the spinal cord but processed by brain
50
Labyrinthine righting reflex
Causes body to return head to neutral position when body is tilted or spun
51
Proprioceptors
Main sensory receptors for muscle Sense change in joint position muscle length, or muscle tension
52
Muscle spindle
Monitors muscle stretch
53
Intrafusal fibers
Fibers inside the muscle spindle
54
Nuclear bag fibers
Intrafusal fibers with a large clustering of nuclei in the center Type Ia afferent neurons exit from middle portion of this fiber Auto-excitatory Contractile capability of the spindles
55
Gamma motor neuron
Innervates contractile ends of muscle spindle Indirectly enhance alpha motor neuron excitation
56
Gamma bias
Readjustment of muscle spindle length by contracting ends of Intrafusal fiber
57
Gamma loop
Reflex arc that works with stretch reflex Include afferent, gamma, and alpha pathways
58
Nuclear chain
Primary afferent Type Ia Respond to stretch by initiating stretch reflex Secondary afferent Type II Facilitate flexors and inhibit extensor activity
59
Nuclear chain fiber
Intrafusal fiber with nuclei arranged in rows
60
Stretch reflex
Facilitates contraction of a muscle being stretched
61
Autogenic facilitation
Internally generated excitation of the alpha motor neurons through stretch or other input
62
Reciprocal inhibition
Relaxation of antagonist while agonists produce joint action
63
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
Monitors muscle tension
64
Extrafusal fibers (GTO)
Fibers outside of the muscle spindle
65
Inverse stretch reflex (GTO)
Initiated by high tension in muscle Inhibits contraction of muscle via GTO Causes relaxation of a vigorously contracting muscle
66
Myotendinous junction
Attached to muscle fibers, thus more sensitive to contraction than stretch
67
Ballistic
Activate muscle spindles which elicits a stretch reflex
68
Static
If static position achieved slowly then can minimize muscle spindle response
69
Is static or ballistic better?
Static is better than ballistic
70
Ruffini ending
Sensory receptor in joint capsule that responds to change in joint position and velocity
71
Pacinian corpuscle
Sensory receptor in skin stimulated by pressure and pain
72
Active ROM
Degree I’d motion occurring at joint due to voluntary contraction of agonist
73
Passive ROM
Degree of motion occurring at joint due to external ,manipulation Gravity, manual resistance
74
Restrictions to ROM
Soft tissue surrounding joint Connective tissue surrounding muscle Ligaments Bony structures Stretch reflex Inverse stretch reflex
75
Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
Incorporates combination sequences of contraction and relaxation Often used in rehabilitation settings Takes advantage of the response of the proprioceptors
76
Polymetric Training
Purpose is to improve velocity of performance Rapid stretching through limited ROM immediately followed by rapid contraction of the same muscle

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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