Neuromuscular system

Question 1

when exercising what does the nervous system do

Answer 1

plays a crucial role in recruiting different muscle fibre types depending on the demands of the activity

Question 2

what are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems part of

Answer 2

the peripheral nervous system

Question 3

what is the role of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems

Answer 3

transmit information from the brain to parts of the body that need to adjust what they are doing for exercise

Question 4

what gets the body ready for exercise

Answer 4

the sympathetic nervous system

Question 5

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

Answer 5

relaxes the body and slows down high energy functions

Question 6

what are the three main types of muscle fibre

Answer 6

slow oxidative - type 1
fast oxidative - type 2a
fast glycolytic - type 2x

Question 7

what are type 1 fibres known as

Answer 7

slow twitch

Question 8

what are type 2 muscle fibres known as

Answer 8

fast twitch

Question 9

what is the conduction speed in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 9

1. slow
2. fast
3. fast

Question 10

what is the motor neurone size in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 10

1. small
2. large
3. large

Question 11

what is the motor neurone conduction capacity in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 11

1.slow
2. fats
3. fast

Question 12

what is the force produced in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 12

1. low
2. high
3. high

Question 13

what is the fatigability in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 13

1. low
2. medium
3. high

Question 14

what is the mitochondrial density in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 14

1. high
2. medium
3. low

Question 15

what is the myoglobin content in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 15

1. high
2. medium
3. low

Question 16

what is the capillary density in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 16

1. high
2. medium
3. low

Question 17

what is the aerobic capacity in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 17

1. very high
2. medium
3. low

Question 18

what is the anaerobic capacity in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 18

1. low
2. high
3. very high

Question 19

what is the glycolytic enzyme activity in
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x

Answer 19

1. low
2. high
3. very high

Question 20

what can the characteristics of muscle fibres be divided into

Answer 20

functional
structure

Question 21

what does a functional characteristic mean

Answer 21

what the fibre does

Question 22

what does a structural characteristic mean

Answer 22

the makeup of fibre

Question 23

what are structural characteristics of muscle fibres

Answer 23

motor neurone size
mitochondrial density
myoglobin content
capillary density

Question 24

what are functional characteristics of muscle fibres

Answer 24

contraction speed
motor neurone conduction capacity
force produced
fatigability
aerobic capacity
anaerobic capacity
glycolytic enzyme activity

Question 25

what is a motor unit

Answer 25

a motor neurone and its muscle fibres

Question 26

what are slow twitch fibres adapted for

Answer 26

long distance running

Question 27

what are type 2a muscle fibres need in

Answer 27

1500m in athletics

Question 28

what are type 2x muscle fibres needed in

Answer 28

100m in athletics short bursts of energy

Question 29

how many muscle fibres can be found in one particular motor unit

Answer 29

1

Question 30

what do muscles fibres work with

Answer 30

the nervous system

Question 31

why do muscle fibres work with the nervous system

Answer 31

so a contraction can occur

Question 32

what neurone transmits the nerve impulse to the muscle fibre

Answer 32

motor neurone

Question 33

what does the motor neurone do

Answer 33

transmits the nerve impulse to the muscle fibre

Question 34

tell me about the all or none law

Answer 34

a sequence of impulses that is equal to or more than the threshold, all the muscle fibres in the motor unit will contract

Question 35

what happens in the all and none law if the threshold is not reached

Answer 35

no muscle action will occur

Question 36

what is wave summation

Answer 36

a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth sustained contraction occurs rather that twitches the greater frequency of stimuli the greater the tension developed by the muscles

Question 37

what is released in wave summation when the nerve impulse reaches the reaches the muscle cell

Answer 37

calcium is released

Question 38

why does calcium need to be present

Answer 38

so a muscle can contract

Question 39

what happens to calcium in wave summation

Answer 39

calcium will build up in the muscle cell because repeated nerve impulses have no time to relax

Question 40

what does build up of calcium in a muscle cell cause

Answer 40

a tetanic contraction

Question 41

what is a tetanic contraction

Answer 41

forceful, sustained contraction

Question 42

what is spatial summation

Answer 42

when the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of the motor units

Question 43

when does spatial summation occur

Answer 43

when impulses are receive at the same time at different place on the neurone which add up to fire the neurone

Question 44

what does spatial summation need the recruitment of and why

Answer 44

additional bigger motor units and fat twitch fibres in the muscles to develop more force

Question 45

why is activation of the motor units staggered important

Answer 45

it enables a more sustained muscle contraction to be maintained as some motor units are contracting while others are relaxing which delays fatigue

Question 46

what does PNF stand for

Answer 46

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Question 47

what is Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Answer 47

an advanced stretching technique

Question 48

what is the most practical technique used in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Answer 48

CRAC contract-relax-antagonist-contract

Question 49

what does CRAC stand for

Answer 49

contract-relax-antagonist-contract

Question 50

what are muscle spindles and Golgi tendons types of

Answer 50

proprioceptors

Question 50

what are proprioceptors

Answer 50

sensory organs in the muscles, tendons and joints

Question 51

what is a muscle spindle

Answer 51

proprioceptors that detect how far and fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex

Question 52

where and why do muscle spindles send excitatory signals to

Answer 52

send them to central nervous system about how fast and far a muscle is being stretched, the central nervous then sends a signal back to the muscle telling it to contract which triggers the stretch reflex

Question 53

when a muscle contracts what does it trigger

Answer 53

a stretch reflex

Question 54

what does a reflex action prevent

Answer 54

overstretching, which reduces the risk of injury

Question 55

where are muscle spindles found

Answer 55

between skeletal muscle fibres

Question 56

where are Golgi tendon organs found

Answer 56

between the muscle fibre and the tendon

Question 57

what do golgi tendon organs detect

Answer 57

levels of tension in the muscle

Question 58

what happens when a muscle contracts isometrically in PNF

Answer 58

they sense an increase in muscle tension and send inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscle to relax and lengthen

Question 59

what signals are sent by muscle spindles

Answer 59

excitatory

Question 60

what signals are sent in golgi tendon organs

Answer 60

inhibitory

Question 61

what is autogenic inhibition

Answer 61

a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension.

Question 62

what are the receptors in autogenic inhibition

Answer 62

golgi tendon organs

Question 63

describe how PNF works

Answer 63

an individual performs a passive stretch with the help of a partner and extends the leg till tension is felt if the muscle is being stretched too far a stretch reflex should occur the individual then isometrically contracts the muscle for at least 10 seconds they do tis by pushing their leg against there partner who holds it in a stationary position by putting enough resistance as the leg is passively stretched again, the golgi tendon organs are responsible for the antagonist muscle relaxing this means the leg stretched further repeat until no more gains are possible