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Biology Year 2 > Neuronal Communication > Flashcards

Neuronal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

why are communication systems needed in multicellular organisims

A

for animals and plants to respond to changes in internal and external environments
coordinate activities of different organs
cell signalling/communication

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2
Q

what is cell signalling

A

when a cell releases a chemical which has an effect on its target cells

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3
Q

trasnferring signals between neurones at synapses

A

neurotransmitter
electircal

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4
Q

transferring signals across large distances

A

hormones chemical

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5
Q

what is the purpose of a neurone

A

to transmit electrical impulses around the body so that organisms can respond to changes in its external and internal environment

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6
Q

what are the three types of neurones

A

sensory
relay
motor

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7
Q

structure sensory and function

A

one long dendron and a short axon
transport to relay motor or brain

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8
Q

relay neurone s and f

A

many dendrites
transmit impulses between neurones

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9
Q

motor s and f

A

transmit impulses from relay and sensory to effectors such as muscles or glands
many dendrites

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10
Q

structure of a neurone

A

cell body surrounded by vytoplasm
dendrons which divide into dendrites which is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses to the cell body
axons which transmit electrons away

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11
Q

what happens in myelinated neurones

A

electrical impulses jump from node to node as it travels along the neurone

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12
Q

what covers the axon and what is it made up of

A

myelinated sheath
schwaan cell

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13
Q

what does the mylein sheath act as

A

an electrical insulator
it allows myelinated nuerones to conduct electrical impulses faster than non myelinated nuerones

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14
Q

features of a sensory receptor

A

detect range of different stimulus and convert stimulus into a nerve impulse.

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15
Q

what is a nerve impulse known as

A

a generator potential

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16
Q

features of a sensory receptor

A

specific to a single type of a stimulus
act as a transducer - convert stimulus into a nerve impulse

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17
Q

what are the 4 types of sensory receptors

A

chemoreceptor - detect chemicals
thermoreceptor - detect heat
mechanoreceptor - detect pressure
photoreceptor - detect light

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18
Q

how do sensory receptors act as a transducer

A

they detect stimuli and receptors convert the stimulus into a nerve impulse known as a generator potential

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19
Q

what is a pacinian corpuscle

A

sensory receptors which detect mechanical pressure

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20
Q

what do they act as

A

mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

features of a pacinian corpuscle

A

single sensory neurones surrounded by layer of tissues which is separated by gel forming an onion like structure.
it has layers of connective tissues separated by gel
stretch mediated sodium ion channels which open when pressue is applied - allows influx of sodium ion

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22
Q

explain how Pacinian corpuscle converts mechanical pressure into a nerve impulse

A
  1. pressure is applied, corpuscle changes shape causing membrane to stretch
  2. membrane stretches, sodium ion channels widen allowing sodium ions to diffuse into the neurone.
  3. influx of sodium ions causes the membrane to be depolarised resulting in a generator potential
  4. generator potential creates an action potential which passes along sensory neurones
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23
Q

what is resting potential

A

polarised
-70mv

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24
Q

why does resting potential occur

A

it occurs due to the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the axon membrane.

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25
what is action potential
w potential difference becomes depolarisedhen a stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, the stimulus reverses the charge.
26
action potential process
1. neurone has resting potential 2. stimulus triggers sodium voltaged gates ion channels to open, membrane more permeable to NA so it diffuses in down the electrochemical gradient making it less negative 3. charge change causes the na channels to open so more na can diffuse in 4. voltage gated sodium ion channels close and potassium ion channels open and the membrane is more permeable to potassium 5. potassium diffuse out the axon down the electrochemical gradient making axon more negative 6. potassium diffuse put and axon is more negative hyperpolarisation occurs
27
propogation
28
salatory conduction
29
all or nothing principle
30
what is a synapse and what are impulses transmitted as
junction between two neurones neurotransmitters
31
what is the synaptic cleft
it seperates axon of one neurone from the dendrite of the next neurone
32
presynaptic neurone
neurone along which impulse has arrived
33
postsynaptic neurone
neurone which receives the neurotransmitter
34
synaptic knob
it is the swollen aend of presynapric neurone which contains many mitochondria
35
synaptic vesicle
vesicle containing neurotransmitters which fuse with presynaptic membrane and release contents into synaptic cleft
36
neurotransmitter receptor
receptor which neurotransmitter binds to in postsynaptic membrane
37
types of neurone transmitter
1. inhibitory - results in hyperpolarisation of the postsynaptic membrane preventing action potential 2. excitatory - results in depolarisation of postsynaptic neurone
38
synaptic transmission
1. action potential reaches end of presynaptic neurone 2. depolarisation of the presynaptic membrane causes calcium ion channels to open 3. calcium ions diffuse into presynaptic knob 4. causes the synaptic vesicle containg neurotransmitter to fuse with presynaptic membrane 5. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane 6. causes sodium ion channels to open 7. sodium ions diffuse into postsynaptic neurone 8. triggers an action potential
39
what is the transmission across a cholinergic synapse
1. action potential at the end of the presynaptic neurone causing the calcium ion channels to open and calcium to open 2. influx of calcium into the presynaptic neurone causing synaptic cleft to fuse with the presynaptic membrane releasing acetylcholine into the cleft 3. acetylcholine fuse with receptor site on sodium ion channels in the postsynaptic neurone membrane causing sodium ion channels to open and allowing sodium ions to diffuse in 4. influx of sodium ions generates an action otential in postsynaptic neurone 5. acetylcholinesterase hydrolyses acetylcholine into choline and ethanoic acid which diffuses back across the synpatic cleft into the presynaptic neurone 6. atp is released combining ethanoic acid and choline
40
what is the role of a synapse
to ensure that synapse are unidirectional allow impulses to be transmitted
41
what is spatial summation
when animals receive a different stimulus from their environment and their synapses can manage multiple stimuli and it results in one response
42
temporal summation
43
synaptic divergence
44
synaptic convergence
45
what is the nervous system organised as
1. cns 2.pns
46
how is it further organised
1. stomatic nervous system which is the consious control 2. autonomic nervous system subconcious control
47
how is the autonomic nervous system separated into
1. parasympathetic - relaxing responses 2. sympathetic - flight or fight
48
what is the brain protected by
skull
49
cerebrum
voluntary actions receives sensory information
50
cerebellum
unconcious functions receives info from organs
51
medulla oblongata
autonomic control
52
hypothalamus
regulatory centre for temp and water balance
53
ptuitary gland
anterior - 6 hormones involved in reproduction and growth hormones posterior - stores and releases hormones
54
reflex arc
receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone
55
what are the 3 types of muscles
skeletal caridac involuntary
56
what is skeletal muscles made up of
1. muscle fibres- sarcolemeres 2- myofibrils which are made up of actin and mysoin
57
what is actin myosin
thinner thicker
58
what is the sliding filament model
During contraction. Myosin filaments will pull the actin filaments towards the centre of the sarcomere. This will result in the light band becoming narrower and the Z line moving closer and Hzone becoming narrower.
59
structure of myosin
globular hinged heads allowing them to move back and forth binding sites for atp myosin filaments
60
structure of actin
binding sites for myosin heads which is blocked by trpomyosin when relaxed
61
how does muscle contraction occur at the neuromuscular junction
Muscle contraction is triggered when an action potential arrives at a neuromuscular junction (where motor neurone and muscle fibres meet) When an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction, it stimulates the calcium ion channels to open. This causes the calcium ions to diffuse from synapse to the synaptic knob which causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis and diffuse across the synapse where it will bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane causing sodium ion channels to open resulting in depolarization. Acetylcholine is broken by acetylcholinesterase into choline and ethanoic acid preventing overstimulation in the muscle. Choline and ethanoic acid diffuse back into the neurone and recombine with acetylcholine using atp by the mitochondria ( this is transmission across a cholinergic synapse)
62
how is energy suuplied
hydrolysis of atp into adp and phosphate
63
what is the sliding filament theory
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY 1.Tropomyosin prevents myosin head from attaching to the binding site of the actin molecule 2.Calcium ions are released from the endoplasmic reticulum causing tropomyosin molecules to pull away from the binding site on the actin molecule 3.Myosin head now attaches to the binding site on the actin filament 4.This causes the head of the myosin to change angle moving the actin filament along and releasing ADP 5.ATP molecules fix to myosin causing it to detach from the actin filament 6.Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP by myosin provides energy for the myosin head to resume its normal position 7.The head of the myosin reattaches to its binding site further along the actin filament and the cycle repeats.
64
ways in which atp is generated
Aerobic respiration Atp is regenerated by ADP during oxidative phosphorylation Anaerobic respiration Atp made by glycolysis Creatine phosphatE ADP is phosphorylated
65

Biology Year 2 (12 decks)

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