Neuronal Development

Question 1

What things come from the Ectoderm?

Answer 1

Sensory organs
Epidermis
Nervous system

Question 2

What things come the mesoderm?

Answer 2

dermis
muscles
skeleton
urogenital systems
ciculatory system

Question 3

What things come from the endoderm?

Answer 3

GI system
liver
pancreas
respiratory system

Question 4

what is the known cause of a defect in closure 1?

Answer 4

folic acid deficiency and metabolic teratogens causing spina bifida

Question 5

What is the known cause of a defect in closure 2?

Answer 5

maternal hyperthermia
folic acid deficiency
metabolic tetatogens-organics

Question 6

what does a defect in closure 2 cause?

Answer 6

Anencephaly

Question 7

what causes a defect in closure 3?

Answer 7

it is usually resistant
no known cause
causes mid facial clefts

Question 8

what is a known cause of a defect in closure 4?

Answer 8

maternal hypertermia

ask about prior health, hot tubs, and extreme exercise in the first trimester

Question 9

what is a result of a closure 4 defect?

Answer 9

cephalocele- meningies and brain protrude out

Question 10

What is a known cause of a defect in closure 5?

Answer 10

valproic acid exposed mothers from seizure medications

results in sacral meningocele

Question 11

Define Nociception

Answer 11

recognition and signaling of a deleterious stimuli (hot or sharp)

Question 12

Define Pain

Answer 12

concious awareness of the nociceptive event
varies between individuals
low pain thershold= alot of concious awareness

Question 13

Define suffering

Answer 13

emotional and behavioral sequlae

Question 14

define deafferentiation pain

Answer 14

pain due to loss of sensation of an afferent fiber

example-phantom limb pain

Question 15

hyperalgesia

Answer 15

increased sensitivy to stimulation

Question 16

what are synchiotrophoblasts?

Answer 16

part of the outer cell mass made of trophoblasts that attach to the endometrial lining by secreting adhesive proteins

Question 17

what are cytotrophobasts?

Answer 17

part of the outer cell mass that grows into the uterine cavity

Question 18

what do radial glial cells do?

Answer 18

immature astrocytes important for migrating neuroblasts to where they need to go
-release cytokines to tell them where to go in the cns and pns

Question 19

when does the dorsal midline ectoderm thicken to form the neural plate ?

Answer 19

by the 3rd week in the embryonic phase

Question 20

when does the fold touch?

Answer 20

21 days ( 3 weeks post fertilization)

Question 21

what do the little bumps in the fold represent?

Answer 21

somites that represent dermatomal development of the fetus (muscle, bone and dermis)
derived from the mesoderm

Question 22

what are the neural crest cells?

Answer 22

the migrate to the side of the fold and will become the PNS

Question 23

what are the cells in the neural tube?

Answer 23

neuroblasts and glial blasts

Question 24

when does the superior neuropore close? what happens if there is a nonclosure?

Answer 24

day 27

anacephale

Question 25

when does the inferiot neuropore close? what happens if there is a nonclosure?

Answer 25

day 30 | spinabifida

Question 26

marginal layer

Answer 26

makes up the fibers of the nerves in the spinal cord myelin more peripheral makes white matter

Question 27

mantle layer

Answer 27

makes up nerve cell bodies, neural blasts and glial blast more central makes grey matter

Question 28

what do neural crest cells become?

Answer 28

``` generally the PNS posterior root ganglion sensory CN's autonomic ganglion adrenal medulla melanocytes pancreatic islets ```

Question 29

what is colchicine?

Answer 29

drug that blocks microtubules used for gout- increases uric acid secretion in the kidneys can cause neural tube defects do not give to women of child bearing age

Question 30

where does the notochord originate from?

Answer 30

mesodern

Question 31

what does the notochord do that is significant?

Answer 31

defines the long axis of the spinal cord: sends cytokines form SH system that tell the cells where to go orients the vertebrae- allows somites to migrate and form vertebral body and arch releases cell adhesive molecules

Question 32

what does the notochord become?

Answer 32

nucleus pulposes aka the vertebral disk

Question 33

what is the alar plate?

Answer 33

more posterior becomes the dorsal horn | sensory

Question 34

what is the basal plate?

Answer 34

more anterior, becomes the ventral horn | motor

Question 35

when does myelin begin and finish?

Answer 35

begins in fourth weeks of gestation and finishes at 3 years of age clinically 2 years old- if a child is not waling by age 2 refer to specialist

Question 36

cortical spinal tracts myelinate by what age? cortical association fibers?

Answer 36

2 3- these are motor neurons that communicate with other motor neurons: communicate from 1 gyrus in the primary motor cortex (gross motor) to another in the secondary motor cortex (fine movement)- ex playing piano requires both

Question 37

what is myeloschisis?

Answer 37

no overlapping skin | 4-5 segments of the cord is exposed on the surfaces

Question 38

what is holoprosencephaly?

Answer 38

single large ventricle with fusion of midline structures including thalmi affected neonates have severe facial defects: cyclopia

Question 39

what are the causes of holoprosencephaly?

Answer 39

chromosomal defects such as trisomy 13, sporatic, or maternal DM

Question 40

lissencephaly

Answer 40

no gyral pattern-severe mental retardation

Question 41

what is the goal for the medications for crps?

Answer 41

prevent sympathetic activation

Question 42

what medications can you use for crps?

Answer 42

phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (alpha 1 blocker to prevent vasoconstriction) clonidine- alpha 2 agonist- blocks the release of NE on the presynaptic neuron GABA analogs (neurotin) NMDA antogonist- block glutamate receptors Trycyclic antidepressants

Question 43

what if no medications work for CRPS, what can you do?

Answer 43

nerve block injected into DRG- prevents pain from getting into the cord

Question 44

A delta fibers

Answer 44

large with a lot of myelin (fast) located on body surfaces and most dense in the skin sharp, prickly, and intense pain 5-30 m/sec

Question 45

C fibers

Answer 45

slow, small diameter and no myelin located deep in the skin and in all tissues achy, burning, nagging pain 0.5- 2 m/sec