Neuronal Signalling in the context of CNS Disorders

Question 1

What are the different types of transmembrane transport?

Answer 1

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport

Question 2

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 2

Free movement of ions from high to low conc
NO carriers

Question 3

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 3

Diffusion helped by transmembrane carriers + ion channels

Question 4

What is primary active transport?

Answer 4

Movement of ions from a low conc to a high conc via ion pumps, using ATP

Question 5

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 5

Uses free energy of the electrochemical gradient for one component to transport another against its chemical gradient

Question 6

What are voltage-gated ion channels?

Answer 6

Transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane

Question 7

What are ligand-gated ion channels?

Answer 7

Membrane proteins that open by binding of neurotransmitter, hormone or drug

Question 8

What are G protein coupled receptors?

Answer 8

Detect molecules outside the cell + activate internal signal transduction pathways

Question 9

What is an example of primary active transport?

Answer 9

Na+/K+-ATPase

Question 10

What is an example of secondary active transport?

Answer 10

Na+/Ca2+-exchanger

Question 11

What is the charge inside the cell?

Answer 11

Negative

Question 12

What is the charge outside the cell?

Answer 12

Positive

Question 13

What is depolarisation?

Answer 13

Reduction of charge

Question 14

What is the depolarisation a result of?

Answer 14

Increased influx of Na+ +/or Ca2+
= increased neuronal excitability

Question 15

What is the resting potential value?

Answer 15

-70mV

Question 16

What is hyperpolarisation?

Answer 16

Increase of charge

Question 17

What is hyperpolarisation a result of?

Answer 17

Increased efflux of K+
= decreased neuronal excitability

Question 18

What is an action potential?

Answer 18

Change in voltage spontaneously or as a result of a stimulus

Question 19

How many phases is there?

Answer 19

0-4

Question 20

What happens in phase 0?

Answer 20

Resting membrane potential
Slow depolarisation

Question 21

What happens in phase 1?

Answer 21

Rapid depolarisation

Question 22

What happens in phase 2?

Answer 22

Repolarisation

Question 23

What happens in phase 3?

Answer 23

Afterhyperpolarisation

Question 24

What happens in phase 4?

Answer 24

Resting membrane potential
Slow depolarisation

Question 25

Where is noradrenaline synthesised?

Answer 25

Adrenal medulla in sympathetic nervous system

Question 26

Describe the pathway formation of noradrenaline

Answer 26

From dopamine to noradrenaline (by dopamine beta-mono-oxygenase)

Question 27

Which diseases are associated with reduced noradrenaline?

Answer 27

Depression Poor memory Lack of energy, motivation + concentration

Question 28

Which diseases are associated with increased noradrenaline?

Answer 28

Increased BP Increased HR Hyperactivity Anxiety + stress Irritability + insomnia

Question 29

Where is dopamine synthesised?

Answer 29

Neurons + cells in the medulla of the adrenal glands

Question 30

Which diseases are associated with reduced dopamine?

Answer 30

Parkinson's disease ADHD Narcolepsy Depression Schizophrenia

Question 31

What is Parkinson's disease (PD)?

Answer 31

Degeneration of dopamine neurons

Question 32

What are the symptoms of PD?

Answer 32

Involuntary shaking Slow movement (bradykinesia) Stiff + flexible muscles

Question 33

Where is serotonin synthesised?

Answer 33

Midbrain + hypothalamus

Question 34

Which diseases are associated with serotonin dysfunction?

Answer 34

Depression confusion Agitation Headaches Increase BP N&V Diarrhoea

Question 35

Which diseases are associated with decreased Ach?

Answer 35

Alzheimer's disease (AD) Parkinson's Myasthenia gravis

Question 36

What is AD?

Answer 36

Progressive neurological disorder, characterised by loss of memory or other intellectual abilities