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Neurones And Neuroglia Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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2
Q

Briefly describe neurons

A

excitable and can carry electrical signals. they are organised in circuits or networks that encode information for all conscious and non-conscious information in the CNS

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3
Q

what supports and protects the neurons

A

glial cells

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4
Q

ratio of glia to neurons?

A

10:1

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5
Q

Briefly describe glial cells

A

support and protect neurons. They have sorter processes. provide nervous system stem cell pool
provide a barrier between compartments. participate in neuronal activity. participate in metabolic assistance
provide the immune response to iflammation and injury to the NS

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6
Q

describe dentrites

A

short processes arising from the cell body
may contain dentritic spines
site of synaptic contacts

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7
Q

describe the cell body

A

houses the nucleus
site of protein, hormone and neurotransmitter production
gives rise to a single axon

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8
Q

other names for the cell body

A

perikaryon, soma

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9
Q

describe the axon

A

long, cylindrical and slender process, axon hillock and initial segment
axolemma (plasma membrane), axoplasm (cytoplasm)
myelinated or unmyelinated

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10
Q

describe the synapse

A

presynaptic terminal
synaptic cleft
post synaptic terminal

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11
Q

brief overview of metabolism and synthesis in neurons

A

cell body is the site of energy generation and synthesis
axonal transport - vesicles (fast axonal transport to terminal, retrograde to cell body)
electrical depolarisation

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12
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of neurons

A

-70mV

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13
Q

resting membrane potential of smooth muscle cell

A

-40mV

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14
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of cardiac cell

A

-90mV

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15
Q

How is the difference between the electrical charge inside the cell and outside the cell maintained

A

At rest K is higher than Na in the cell
Na leaks in
K leaks out
Na/K ATPase pumps out 3 Na in exchange for 2K pumped in

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16
Q

what leads to a change in membrane potential?

A

change in ion permeability

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17
Q

describe graded potentials

A

incoming signals and vary in strength
they lose strength over distance
slower than APs
Excitatory (EPSPs)
Inhibitory (IPSPs)

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18
Q

describe action potentials

A

travel very rapidly over longer distances

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of electrical signals

A

graded potentials and action potentials

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20
Q

net movement of ions does what to the cells

A

depolarises or hyperpolarises the cell

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21
Q

3 examples of gated ion channels

A

mechanically gated channels, voltage-gated, chemically gated

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22
Q

what happens when graded potentials travel to the trigger zone

A

subthreshold - too weak; no generation of AP
suprathreshold - generate AP

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23
Q

excitatory signal at trigger zone

A

depolarises, reduces threshold

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24
Q

inhibitory signal at trigger zone

A

hyperpolarises, increases threshold

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25
describe the steps of an action potential
resting membrane potential, depolarising stimulus, membrane depol to threshold, colt gated Na channels open and Na enters the cell. Vol gated K channels open slowly; Rapid Na entry depol cell; Na channels close and slower K channels open; K moves from cell to extra cellular fluid; K channels remain open and K leaves cell, hyperpolarising; K close; cell returns to resting potential
26
what are the 2 types of summation
temporal or spatial
27
describe temporal summation
intense stimulation by ONE presynaptic neuron EPSPs spread from ONE synapse to trigger zone Post synaptic neuron fires
28
Describe spatial summation
SImultaneous stimulation by several presynaptic neurons EPSPs spread from several synapses to trigger zone Postsynaptic neuron fires
29
List 4 neuron types
pseudounipolar neurons bipolar neurons multipolar neurons anaxonic neurons
30
describe pseudounipolar neurons
found mainly in spinal ganglia single process arises from the cell body and divides into 2 brances one projects to the periphery and the other projects to the CNS. information collected from the terminals of the peripheral branch is transmitted to the CNS via the terminals of the other branch, bypasses the cell body signals relayed from the receptor to the CNS without being modified
31
describe bipolar neurons
have 2 processes - which arise from an elongated cell body one process ends in dendrites, the other an axon integrate multiple inputs and then pass that modified, processed information onto the next neuron in the chain
32
where are bipolar neurons mainly found
in the retina and olfactory epithelium
33
what is the most common type of neuron in the CNS
Multipolar
34
describe multipolar neurons
possesses 3 or more dendrites which branch off directly from the cell body have a single long axon issuing from the axon hillock
35
describe anaxonic neurons
has only dendrites and no apparent axon can be determined
36
what powers fast anterograde transport
Kinesin motors power anterograde transport (to synapse) use ATP hydrolysis to walk toward plus-end. numerous kinesin-related proteins
37
what powers fast retrograde transport
cytoplasmic dynein uses ATP hydrolysis to walk minus end 50-200mm/day
38
what exploits Cytoplasmic Dynein
viruses eg herpes simplex virus, rabies virus, polio
39
what do the head of motors walk along
microtubules
40
what determined cargo specificity
tail of motor protein
41
what do neuroglia cells maintain
appropriate environment and provide structural support for normal neuronal functions
42
what are the classification groups of neuroglia
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, polydendrocytes, ependymal cells, satellite cells, schwann cells
43
what is the tripartite synapse
Glutamate activates class1 metabotropic receptors; calcium release from astrocytes; resulting in release of gliotransmitters, modulate neuronal function; play a role in the regulation of local microcirculation in the brain
44
describe astrocytes
largest glial cell, stellate appearance, centrally located nuclei; processes make contact with thousands of neurons, form end feet on blood vessels, shuttle excess ions, pick up glucose and metabolites from vasculature and carry them to neurons, major role in tripartite synapse
45
what are the types of astrocytes
Fibrous (white matter) Protoplasmic (grey matter) Muller cells (retina)
46
describe oligodendrocytes
myelinating cell within the CNS smaller than astrocytes with fewer processes, can myelinate multiple axons
47
describe microglia
smallest of all glial cells derived from monocyte-macrophage lineage, immune cells of the CNS, activated by inflammatory markers, phagocytotic
48
describe polydendrocytes
stem cell pool, recruited as oligodendrocyte precursors in remyelination, can provide link between neuronal signalling network and glial cells
49
describe ependymal cells
epithelial cells that separate CSF from tissue
50
describe satellite cells
similar to schwann found in sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic ganglia
51
describe schwann cells
myelinating cells of the PNS, one schwann cell per axon. at neuromuscular junction can take up excessive neurotransmitter
52
describe myelination in the PNS
axon comes into contact with the schwann cell which then rotates around the axon as the schwann cell wraps around the axon, the cytoplasm becomes progressively reduced and the inner layers of the plasma membrane come into contact and fuse together
53
describe myelination in the CNS
oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS. broad flat processes wrap about CNS axons, but the cell bodies do not surround the axons, no neurolemma is formwed little regrowth after injury is possible due to the lack of a distinct tube or neurolemma
54
what is white matter
myelinated processes
55
what is grey matter
nervel cell bodiues, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia
56
how does myelination in the CNS differ from the PNS
oligodendrocytes myelinate up to 50 axons each, not just 1 the myelin in oligodendrocytes has a different biochemical composition
57
describe multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disorder causing disruption of myelin sheaths in CNS sheaths becomes scars or plaquies, appears between ages 30 and 40. 2x more in women
58
symptoms of MS
muscular weakness, abnormal sensations or double vision remissions and relapses result in progressive, cumulative loss of function
59
What is Guillan-Barre Syndrome
disease of the PNS involving an acute inflammatory, autoimmune attack on myelinated peripheral nerve fibres potentially fatal neurological emergency and can lead to paralysis or death
60
symptoms of Guillan-Barre Syndrome
weakness loss of tendon reflexes high spinal fluid protein without extra cells (albuminocytologic dissociation)
61
what is Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
an inherited disorder of the PNS involving myelination
62
signs and symptoms of CMT
pes cavus, distal wasting, weakness of intrinsic hand muscles, hypertrophy of the greater auricular nerve

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