Neurons

Question 0

Which part of a Neuron contains the nucleus?

Answer 0

The cell body.

Question 1

What is a Neuron?

Answer 1

A type of cell that makes up the nervous system and supports, amongst other things, cognitive functions.

Question 2

Name the branching structures which carry information FROM other neurons.

Answer 2

Dendrites

Question 3

How many other neurons can one neuron connect with?

Answer 3

Around 10,000

Question 4

Which cells make up 10% of cells in our brain?

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

Which cells make up 90% of our brain?

Answer 5

Glia cells

Question 6

What are the functions of glia cells?

Answer 6

Tissue repair and the production of myelin

Question 7

What is myelin?

Answer 7

A fatty substance which increases conductivity of electrical impulses along the axon

Question 8

Roughly how many neurons are in the human brain?

Answer 8

100-150 billion

Question 9

What is the function of the axon?

Answer 9

To carry information TO other neurons

Question 10

What is action potential?

Answer 10

A sudden change (depolarisation and repolarisation) in the electrical properties of the Neuron membrane in the axon

Question 11

What are axon terminal buttons?

Answer 11

A neural impulse travels down the axon to axon terminal buttons, a means by which one Neuron can communicate with other neurons

Question 12

What is the resting potential across the cell membrane?

Answer 12

-70mV

Question 13

Which part of the Neuron is the only part capable of producing action potentials?

Answer 13

The axon

Question 14

Where are voltage-gated ion channels situated and what are they for?

Answer 14

In the axon. They are important in the generation of an action potential.

Question 15

What is cell depolarisation

Answer 15

Negative potential is reduced (at -50mV cell membrane becomes completely permeable and the charge momentarily reverses

Question 16

What is hyperpolarisation?

Answer 16

K+ channels continue to operate which causes and undershoot. This makes it more difficult for the axon to depolarise again straight away

Question 17

Which substance blocks normal K+/Na+ transfer and makes the action potential jump down the length of the axon at the nodes of ranvier?

Answer 17

Myelin

Question 18

What is a synapse?

Answer 18

The small gap between neurons which neurotransmitters are released, permitting signalling between neurons.

Question 19

What are neurotransmitters?

Answer 19

Chemical signals released by one Neuron that affects the properties of other neurons.

Question 20

What do neurotransmitters bind to?

Answer 20

Receptors on the dendrites or cell body of the postsynaptic Neuron

Question 21

What do neurotransmitters do by binding to receptors on the dendrites or cell body?

Answer 21

They create a synaptic potential

Question 22

How is synaptic potential conducted? Actively or passively?

Answer 22

Passively. Does not create a change in electrical charge.

Question 23

If passively conducted currents are _______ enough when they reach the beginning of the axon, this leads to _______ __________ and the development of a ________ ___________.

Answer 23

Strong
Active conduction
Action potential

Question 24

Is active conduction long range or short range?

Answer 24

Long range. | Passive conduction is short range.

Question 25

What is single cell electrophysiology?

Answer 25

It is an invasive technique that measures the electrical activity of a single Neuron/cell in response to an environmental stimulus.

Question 26

What are the 3 R's in animal welfare?

Answer 26

Reduction - less animals used Replacement - using least sentient species Refinement - improving experimental design

Question 27

Is single cell electrophysiology invasive or non invasive?

Answer 27

Invasive

Question 28

What are the two types of recordings in single cell electrophysiology according the location?

Answer 28

Intracellular recording - inside axon | Extra cellular recording - outside cell membrane

Question 29

Which units are used for measurement in single cell electrophysiology?

Answer 29

Spikes per second

Question 30

After single cell electrophysiology anaesthetised surgery, what happens to the animal?

Answer 30

They are euthanised

Question 31

Does single cell electrophysiology use humans, animals or both?

Answer 31

Animals

Question 32

What type of animal would be best to use in single cell electrophysiology?

Answer 32

Monkeys because their brains are similar to humans, and monkeys can be trained to perform behaviour tasks.

Question 33

How are spike recordings obtained?

Answer 33

Using miroelectrodes

Question 34

What are visual cortex cells selective for?

Answer 34

Orientation Size Motion detection Speed

Question 35

What did Hubel and Wiesel record in 1959 (single cell electrophysiology)

Answer 35

Recorded from single cells in cats primary visual cortex and found that cells there were vey selective for the orientation, size direction and speed of a stimulus.

Question 36

What is electroencephalography (EEG) ?

Answer 36

Records electrical signals generated by the brain through electrodes placed at different points on the scalp.

Question 37

Is EEG invasive or non invasive?

Answer 37

Non-invasive

Question 38

What does EEG measure?

Answer 38

The amplitude and timing of electrical impulses

Question 39

How are single cell electrophysiology and EEG different?

Answer 39

Single cell measures axonal currents of single neurons EEG measures Dendric currents in neuronal populations

Question 40

For which measure must a whole population of neurons be active in synchrony to generate a large enough electrical field to be detectable?

Answer 40

EEG

Question 41

For which measure must neurons be aligned into parallel orientation so that their activity summates rather than cancels out?

Answer 41

EEG

Question 42

Where is the F electrode placed in EEG?

Answer 42

Frontal lobe

Question 43

Where is the P electrode placed in EEG?

Answer 43

Parietal lobe

Question 44

Where is the O electrode placed in EEG?

Answer 44

Occipital lobe

Question 45

Where is the T electrode placed in EEG?

Answer 45

Temporal lobe

Question 46

Where is the C electrode placed in EEG?

Answer 46

Central lobe

Question 47

In EEG, which number electrodes are situated on the left side of the midline?

Answer 47

Odd numbers. Right is even. Remember, it is ODD to be LEFT handed

Question 48

How can The time-course of an EEG signal be qualified?

Answer 48

Using an event-related potential (ERP)

Question 49

With what unit is electrode potential measured?

Answer 49

Microvolts

Question 50

What does structural imaging measure?

Answer 50

The spatial configuration of different types of tissue in the brain

Question 51

Name two types of structural imaging techniques

Answer 51

MRI | CT

Question 52

What does MRI stand for?

Answer 52

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 53

What does CT scan stand for?

Answer 53

Computerised tomography

Question 54

Which type of scan is responsible for discovering brain tumour, haemorrhages and gross brain abnormalities?

Answer 54

CT computerised tomography

Question 55

Most human tissue is ________ based.

Answer 55

Water

Question 56

What does an MRI scan particularly focus on?

Answer 56

The behaviour of hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field

Question 57

What is a hydrogen atom made up of?

Answer 57

1 proton, 0 neutrons

Question 58

Structural imaging techniques are s_______?

Answer 58

Static