Neurons

Question 1

Do all preganglionic neurones release ACh at the ganglionic synapse (acting on nictotinic receptors)?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

Which peptides to sympathetic ganglionic neurones release sometimes?

Answer 2

NPY (as well as NA)

VIP always released with ACh

Question 3

Which peptides to parasympathetic ganglionic neurones release sometimes?

Answer 3

VIP (as well as ACh)

Question 4

Where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 4

4 GVE cranial nerve nuclei

S2/ 3/4

Question 5

Name the ganglion and target of CN III?

Answer 5

Ciliary
Sphincter pupillae
Ciliaris muscle

Question 6

Name the ganglion and target of CN VII?

Answer 6

Submandibular
Submand/lingual salivary glands

Pterygopalatine
Lacrimal gland
Nasal mucous glands etc

Question 7

Name the ganglion and target of CN IX

Answer 7

Otic

Parotid gland

Question 8

Name the ganglion and target of CN X

Answer 8

Plexuses

Thoracic and abdominal viscera

Question 9

Where does sympathetic neurones outflow from CNS?

Answer 9

Lateral horn of T1 - L2/3

Question 10

Where do preganglionic axons of sympathetic NS synapse with the postsynaptic?

Answer 10

Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain e.g. blood vessels/ arrector pili muscle/ sweat gland/ heart/ bronchi/ salivary glands/ eye)
Prevertebral ganglia e.g. coeliac plexus/ superior/ inferior mesenteric plexus

Superior cervical ganglion

Question 11

What 2 ways can postganglionic axons reach their target organ?

Answer 11

Joining peripheral nerves
or
Running along arteries that supply target

Question 12

Where are the sympathetic afferent cell bodies?

Answer 12

In dorsal root ganglia

Question 13

Does the PNS have an effect on the ventricles?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

PNS effect on arteries/ arterioles?

Answer 14

None

Question 15

SNS effect on arteries/ arterioles in most organs/ coronary artery/ pulmonary artery?

Answer 15

Constriction via a-1

Question 16

SNS effect on arteries/ arterioles in renal arteries and skeletal muscle?

Answer 16

Constriction a-1

Dilation B-2

Question 17

Which enzyme breaks acetylcholine into choline and acetyl CoA?

Answer 17

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 18

Which enzymes converts choline and acetyl CoA into acetylcholine?

Answer 18

ChAT

Choline acetyltransferase

Question 19

Is neurotransmission between preganglionic and postganglionic neurones at autonomic ganglia the same in SNS and PNS?

Answer 19

Yes - excitatory synapses only and transmitter is always ACh

Question 20

What are somatic nerves?

Answer 20

Motor neurones to voluntary effectors (skeletal muscle)
1 synapse
Myelinated axons
Release ACh

Question 21

What do autonomic nerves supply?

Answer 21

Go to non-voluntary effectors e.g. smooth muscle/ heart/ glands

Question 22

Noradrenaline is usually released at postganglionic SNS, when is ACh released instead?

Answer 22

Sweating

Question 23

Examples of cotransmitters

Answer 23

ATP/ dopamine/ neuropeptides (all play small role)

Question 24

Can neurones cause relaxation?

Answer 24

Neurones don’t cause relaxation of skeletal muscle

Relaxation is due to inhibition of motor neurones in the spinal cord

Question 25

What can postganglionic neurones, also some that are noncholinergic and nonadrenergic, release to dilate blood vessels?

Answer 25

Can release nitric oxide for dilation of blood vessels