Neurons

Question 1

Neuron Components

Answer 1

Dendrite
Axon
Presynaptic terminal
Soma

Question 2

Dendrite

Answer 2

Receive information from other cells

Question 3

Axon

Answer 3

Carries output information to presynaptic terminal

Question 4

Presynaptic Terminal

Answer 4

Transmit information to other cells

Neurotransmitter released

Question 5

Soma

Answer 5

Cell body

Where neurotransmitter is produced

Question 6

Bipolar Neuron

Answer 6

Has dendrite and root

Question 7

Pseudounipolar Neuron

Answer 7

Single projection from soma that has two axons

Peripheral and central axon

Question 8

Peripheral Axon

Answer 8

Carries information from periphery to soma

Question 9

Central Axon

Answer 9

Carries information from soma to spinal cord

Question 10

Multipolar Neuron

Answer 10

Multiple dendrites and single axon

Question 11

Leak Channel

Answer 11

Always open
Allow diffusion from ions from high to low concentration
No energy needed

Question 12

Gated Channel

Answer 12

Open in response to stimulus and close when stimulus is removed

Question 13

Modality-gated Channel

Answer 13

Open in response to specific sensory information (mechanical force, temperature, chemicals)

Question 14

Ligand-gated Channel

Answer 14

Open in response to neurotransmitter binding to channel receptor

Question 15

Voltage-gated Channel

Answer 15

Important for release of neurotransmitter and propagation of action potential

Question 16

Depolarization

Answer 16

Less negative (Excitatory)
Allow action potential transmission
Allow neurotransmitters to be released

Question 17

Hyperpolarization

Answer 17

More negative (Inhibitory)
Lack of transmission

Question 18

Local Potential

Answer 18

Local change in electrical potential
Initial change in membrane potential
Spreads short distance
Either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes
Produced from modality-gated channel or ligand-gated channel

Question 19

Action Potential

Answer 19

Larger change in electrical potential
Large depolarization regenerated along length of axon
All-or-non principle
Spreads long distances by voltage-gated channels
Transmits info down axon and causes release of neurotransmitter

Question 20

Temporal Summation

Answer 20

Combined effect of local potentials occurring one after another

Question 21

Spatial Summation

Answer 21

Combined effect of several small local potentials occurring at same time

Question 22

Events of Action Potentials

Answer 22

Na+ channels open and Na+ goes in
Na+ channels close
K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell

Question 23

Absolute Refractory Period

Answer 23

No amount of stimulus will result in action potential

Question 24

Relative Refractory Period

Answer 24

Stronger than usual stimulus will result in action potential

Question 25

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 25

Where saltatory conduction is produced to propagate action potential down axon

Question 26

Interneuron

Answer 26

Modify information in spinal cord | Relay information to different levels of spinal cord

Question 27

Convergence

Answer 27

Multiple inputs from several neurons to one single neuron

Question 28

Divergence

Answer 28

Single neuron branches and synapses on multiple neurons

Question 29

Glial Cells

Answer 29

Provide structure Transmit information Involved in neural development Repair following brain damage

Question 30

Macroglia

Answer 30

Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells

Question 31

Astrocytes

Answer 31

Provide structure Regulate neuronal signalling Blood-brain barrier Recovery from injury

Question 32

Microglia

Answer 32

Phagocytosis | Abnormal activation in several diseases

Question 33

Presynaptic Terminal

Answer 33

Releases neurotransmitter

Question 34

Postsynaptic Terminal

Answer 34

Receiving cells | Contains receptors, gland, muscle cell, another neuron

Question 35

Synaptic Transmission

Answer 35

Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal Calcium enters Calcium causes vesicles to move toward cleft Neurotransmitter released Neurotranmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors Membrane channel changes shape and ions enter

Question 36

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

Answer 36

Depolarization | Summation can lead to AP

Question 37

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

Answer 37

Hyperpolariztion | Decrease chance of AP

Question 38

Acetylcholine

Answer 38

Most prevalent in PNS

Question 39

Glutamate

Answer 39

Amino Acid | Primary excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 40

Glycine | GABA

Answer 40

Amino Acid | Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 41

Dopamine

Answer 41

Amine | Loss of dopamine is Parkinson's

Question 42

Peptides

Answer 42

Important role in pain perception and modulation

Question 43

Direct Receptor Effect of Neurotransmitter

Answer 43

Open ligand-gated ion channel

Question 44

Indirect Receptor Effect of Neurotransmitter

Answer 44

Open ion channel through G-protein