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Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology > neurons > Flashcards

neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

86 billion

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2
Q

What are the two neurite processes in the soma?

A

1) dendrites

2) axons

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3
Q

What is responsible for gene expression, transcription + processing of RNA?

A

nucleus

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4
Q

neurons

A

specialised cells that convey sensory information into the brain

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5
Q

What are mitochondria the site of?

A

1) cellular respiration

2) ATP production

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6
Q

What is the difference between microtubules located in axons + dendrites?

A

1) axons contain tau-bound microtubules

2) dendrites contain MAP2-bound molecules

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7
Q

Do axons have endoplasmic reticulum?

A

no

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8
Q

axon

A

tail that extends from cell body + carries information to other locations

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9
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

supports axon

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10
Q

axon terminals

A

branches at the end of the axon that culminate in swellings

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11
Q

What do axon terminals contain?

A

neurotransmitters

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12
Q

What size is the cell body in mammals?

A

0.005 to 0.1 mm in diameter

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13
Q

What size are axons in mammals?

A

0.002 to 0.02 mm in diameter

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14
Q

sensory neuron

A

carry information from body/outside world into brain + spinal cord

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15
Q

multipolar neuron

A

dendrites that extend in several directions from cell body

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16
Q

What type of neurons are motor neurons?

A

multipolar

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17
Q

What type of neurons are sensory neurons?

A

unipolar/bipolar

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18
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single short stalk from cell body that divides into two branches

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19
Q

bipolar neuron

A

axon on one side of cell body + dendritic process on other

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20
Q

What are motor + sensory neurons specialised for?

A

transmission over long distances

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21
Q

interneurons

A

connect one neuron to another in same part of the brain/spinal cord

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22
Q

What do interneurons bridge between in the spinal cord?

A

sensory neurons + motor neurons

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23
Q

What do interneurons connect in the brain?

A

adjacent neurons

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24
Q

What are the most numerous type of neurons?

A

interneurons

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25
Where are motor neurons found?
throughout nervous system
26
Where are unipolar sensory neurons found?
outside brain
27
Where are bipolar sensory neurons found?
outside brain + spinal cord
28
Where are interneurons found?
brain + spinal cord
29
Where are interneurons found?
brain + spinal cord
30
What is the cell membrane of a neuron made up of?
1) lipid (fat) | 2) protein
31
Are the heads of lipid molecules soluble?
yes
32
polarisation
difference in electrical charge between inside + outside of cell
33
voltage
difference in electrical charge between two points
34
resting potential
difference in charge between inside + outside of membrane of a neuron at rest
35
What is the typical voltage of a neuron?
-70mV
36
Why is there a resting potential?
unequal distribution of electrical charges on two sides of the membrane
37
What ions does the fluid outside a neuron contain?
1) Na⁺ | 2) Cl⁻
38
What ions does the inside of a neuron contain?
1) K⁺ | 2) A⁻
39
Why is the resting potential of a neuron negative?
inside of the neuron has more negative ions than positive ions
40
force of diffusion
ions move through membrane to the side where they are less concentrated
41
electrostatic pressure
ions repelled from side that is similarly charged + attracted to side that is oppositely charged
42
sodium-potassium pump
large protein molecules that move sodium ions through cell membrane to the outside + potassium ions inside
43
sodium-potassium pump
large protein molecules that move sodium ions through cell membrane to the outside + potassium ions inside
44
What is the exchange rate between sodium and potassium ions?
three sodium ions for every two potassium ions
45
How do ion channels work?
pores in membrane formed by proteins gate the flow of ions between extracellular + intracellular fluids
46
How are chemically gated channels opened?
ligand (neurotransmitters/hormones)
47
How are electrically gated channels opened?
change in electrical potential of membrane
48
How is a neuron stimulated?
1) inputs that arrive on dendrites/cell body | 2) sensory receptor
49
action potential
abrupt depolarisation of membrane that allows neuron to communicate over long distances
50
action potential
abrupt depolarisation of membrane that allows neuron to communicate over long distances
51
How long does action potential last?
1 millisecond
52
Which ions participate in action potential?
ions in a very thin layer either side of the membrane
53
graded potential
varies in magnitude with the strength of stimulus that produced it
54
ungraded
all-or-none law, occurs at full strength or does not occur at all
55
nondecremental
action potential travels down axon without decrease in size
56
absolute refractory period
when sodium ion channels inactivated at the end of action potential + neuron cannot generate another impulse for a millisecond
57
relative refractory period
when another action potential can be generated but only by a stronger-than-threshold stimulus
58
relative refractory period
when another action potential can be generated but only by a stronger-than-threshold stimulus
59
How many neural pathways does each neuron have?
1000-10,000
60
What is the soma made up of?
1) cytosol 2) organelles 3) cytoplasm
61
cytosol
watery fluid inside cell
62
organelles
membrane-enclosed structures within soma
63
cytoplasm
contents within cell membrane (organelles) excluding nucleus
64
What is the nucleus responsible for?
1) gene expression 2) transcription 3) RNA processing
65
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum involved with?
1) protein production 2) folding 3) quality control 4) dispatch
66
Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum 'rough'?
studded with ribosomes
67
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved with?
production/metabolism of fats + steroids
68
What is the golgi apparatus involved with?
1) delivery of proteins to different cell regions (trafficking) 2) regulating substances
69
What is the mitochondria the site of?
cellular respiration
70
What are ribosomes involved with?
protein biosynthesis
71
What does the cytoskeleton provide?
internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane for cytoplasm
72
What three bones hold the cytoskeleton in place?
1) microtubules 2) microfilaments 3) neurofilaments
73
What are microtubules made from?
tubulin molecules
74
What are microfilaments made from?
actin molecules
75
What are the differences between the cytoplasm of the axon terminal and the axon?
1) presence of synaptic vesicles 2) abundance of membrane proteins 3) large number of mitochondria
76
What is synaptic transmission dysfunction linked to?
mental disorders
77
Where are the majority of synapses + receptors found?
dendrites
78
central nervous system (CNS)
brain + spinal cord
79
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
cranial + spinal nerves
80
somatic nervous system (SNS)
skeletal muscles
81
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
1) cardiac + smooth muscle | 2) glands
82
What is the autonomic nervous system split into?
1) parasympathetic nervous system | 2) sympathetic nervous system
83
How thick is the neuronal membrane?
5nm
84
Does the protein concentration vary throughout the neuronal membrane?
yes

Introduction to Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

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