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Bio/Biochem > neurons, action potentials > Flashcards

neurons, action potentials Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of summation

A

spatial (EPSPs from several neurons)

temporal (several EPSPs from one neuron)

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2
Q

when do voltage gated Na channels close?

A

after hyperpolarization returns it to -70

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3
Q

medulla

A

basic vital functions: breathing, heart rate, certain reflexes
Here also the resperiatory centers are found

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4
Q

pons

A

responsible for facial movement, balance. It has many peduncles connecting brainstem to cerebellum

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

over half of all brain neurons, responsible for balance, movement (but not the initiation of movement, that would be motor cortex)

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6
Q

midbrain

A

motor regulation. Substantia nigra is here

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7
Q

limbic system

A

implicated in memory (loop of papez)

Amygdala > hippocampus > fornix > entorhinal cortex (your GPS) > cingulate cortex

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8
Q

diencephalon

A

Contains thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

telencephalon

A

frontal lobe - motor control and higher thinking
parietal lobe - sensory
temporal lobe - auditory and olfactory, a bit of short term memory, language comprehension, and emotion
occipital lobe - visual information
Broca’s area - produce speech
Wernicke’s area - comprehend speech

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10
Q

basal nuclei

A

deep gray matter, also referred to as basal ganglia. These are responsible for initiating movement and many basic motions like walking

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11
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station for all senses except olfaction

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12
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary gland, involved in body homeostasis including temperature

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13
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons

PNS neurons are often myelinated due to their length

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14
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

There are deep brain nuclei (e.g. suprachiasmatic), the cortex, and in the PNS are ganglia of gray matter

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15
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary decisions, rational thought

also motor outputs

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory

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17
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, smell, memories

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18
Q

occipital

A

vision

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19
Q

amygdala

A

fear, emotional recognition

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20
Q

somatic neurons use which NT?

A

ACh only; nicotinic only

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21
Q

autonomic neurons use which NT

A

ACh at the ganglia; epi and norepi at the ends

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22
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus required to trigger a receptor (e.g. nocicieptor), whereas the DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD is the minimum stimulus for us to notice the feeling

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23
Q

sensory adaptation

A

we ignore unchanging stimuli, but can be retriggered if stimulus changes

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24
Q

bottom up processing

A

sensory neurons > brain > identify information

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25
top down processing
brainapplies prior knowledge and experience > forms holistic view of what's happening
26
iris
colored part that regulates pupil diameter
27
lens
performs refraction
28
cornea
part of outermost keratin tunic of eye, continuous with lens
29
pupil
black opening in middle of eye
30
ciliary muscles
regulate lens curvature and thus near vs far focus
31
fovea centralis
area of greatest visual acuity. Actually has NO rods, only cones
32
retina
nervous layer of eye, has rods and cones
33
optic disc
your blind spot, where optic nerve and all blood vessels leave eye
34
when no light
rod cells are actually constantly sending APs, Na channels open, constantly depolarizing, constantly OFF bipolar cells are activated; ON inhibited
35
when there is light
Na channels are closed; no APs sent. This inhibits OFF bipolar yet stimulates ON bipolar
36
rods
more abundant than cones | of cones, red most abundant
37
Steps of action potential
1. RMP is maintained by Na/K ATPase 2. depolarization is caused by EPSP, after which voltage gated Na channels open, depolarize to 35mV 3. Then, voltage gated Na shuts and voltage gated K channels open. Repolarize to -60mV (at which point they close) 4. ATPase restores -70mV RMP
38
Voltage gated Na or K channels quicker?
Na channels close quickly; K more slowly
39
Glial cells
Schwann cells for PNS neurons oligodendrocytes for CNS astrocytes also in CNS - they guide neuron development and regulate NT levels microglia - remove dead cells in CNS (immune function) ependymal cells - produce CSF **note, myelinated neurons require less energy from ATPase to repolarize
40
reciprocal inhibition
reflexes involving concurrent relaxation and flexion, such as the crossed extensor reflex
41
adrenal medulla
Its cortex secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, some sex hormones
42
pacinian corpuscle
skin pressure sensor, type of mechanoceptor | auditory hair cells are also mechanoceptors
43
chemoreceptors
e.g. olfactory, gustatory, carotid bodies detect CO2
44
nociceptors
can be somatic or autonomic (the latter can cause referred pain)
45
electromagnetic receptors
rods and cones detect EM radiation; however other animals can detect electric/magnetic field
46
muscle spindle
type of proprioceptor. Other examples are golgi tendon organs, joint capsule receptors
47
auditory system
eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, vibration in endo and perilymph stimulates HAIR CELLS, these rub against tectorial membrane, causing ion channels to open, APs sent along auditory nerve.
48
high pitched sounds stimulate which part of cochlea?
the base, near oval window; whereas low sounds stimulate apex. Amplitude determines rate of AP firing, and in turn perception of volume
49
balance regulated by which part of ear?
we have three semicircular canals that are filled with endolymph and can also detect acceleration through similar hair cells
50
opsin
a protein, bound to 1 molecule of retinal that has one cis bond. When absorbing a photon, it is converted to the all-trans form. This eventually closes the Na channel and then there is a LACK of signals to the inhibitory bipolar neuron; an INCREASE of signals to the stimulatory one. The NT for rods and cones is glutamate.
51
emmetropia
normal vision; hyperopia - farsight. Focal length is too long and converges past the fovea centralis. myopia - nearsight. The focal length is too short Presbyopia - farsightedness due to lack of lens flexibility
52
feature detection theory
specific part of brain is activated when looking at different things
53
parallel processing
many parts of visual stimulus processed simultaneously
54
Gestalt theory
the whole is more than the sum of its parts; when we see a face, there is more than just seeing the shapes and colours.
55
signal detection theory
predicts how and when someone will detect a stimulus
56
hormone types
PEPTIDE made in RER, stored in vesicles, cannot bypass cell membrane STEROID made in smooth ER, transported via protein in bloodstream, diffuses in and out of cells
57
absolute vs relative refractory period
absolute - when the Na channels are still open, NO AP WHATSOEVER can be initiated relative - when in the hyperpolarization stage, technically a new AP can start, but stimulus required is greater
58
difference btw soma and axon hillock?
soma has lower density of voltage gated Na channels
59
sympathetic nervous system
dilates muscle blood vessels, however, it constricts blood flow to skin and digestive organs, enhanced FAR vision but not near
60
mydriasis
this is sympathetic dilation of pupil. The neurotransmitter involved is NE. For pupil constriction, it is ACh.

Bio/Biochem (9 decks)

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