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Essential Neuroscience > Neurons and Glia, Synaptic Transmission, and CNS Pathways > Flashcards

Neurons and Glia, Synaptic Transmission, and CNS Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of glial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells

Microglia

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2
Q

What is the most numerous glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

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3
Q

What type of glial cell is part of the blood/brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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4
Q

How do astrocytes regulate the chemical environment of extracellular space?

A

Regulate ion concentrations (especially potassium)

Neurotransmitter reuptake and metabolism

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5
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Insulation of axons in the CNS with myelin (leads to the formation of nodes of Ranvier)

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6
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

A

Line fluid cavities of the brain (ciliated)

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7
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Phagocytize debris in the CNS (dying neurons, etc)

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8
Q

Neurons are defined by their _______.

A

Transmitters

Ex: Motor neurons = cholinergic neurons (their transmitter is acetylcholine)

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9
Q

Describe “saltatory conduction”.

A

Nodes of Ranvier are rich in Na+ which allows action potentials to jump from node to node. This in turn makes action potentials much faster.

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10
Q

What proteins walk along microtubules in the axon in the anterograde direction?

A

Kinesin

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11
Q

What proteins walk along microtubules in the axon in the retrograde direction?

A

Dynein

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12
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

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13
Q

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

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14
Q

What is the function of Na+ channels in neurons? Which direction does Na+ flow?

A

Depolarization of the membrane

Na+ flows in

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15
Q

What is the function of K+ channels in neurons? Which direction does K+ flow?

A

Repolarization of the membrane

K+ flows out

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16
Q

What is the function of Cl- channels in neurons? Which direction does Cl- flow?

A

Hyperpolarization of the membrane

Cl- flows in

17
Q

What type of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors? How do they work?

A

Metabotropic receptors

Act through a secondary messenger system (cascade)

18
Q

Where are Purkinje neurons located?

A

Cerebellum

19
Q

What ion causes vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synapse?

A

Ca2+

20
Q

What neurotransmitter is responsible for the depolarization of the membrane?

A

Glutamate

21
Q

What neurotransmitter is responsible for hyperpolarization of the membrane?

A

GABA

22
Q

What is a graded response?

A

Reduction of membrane potential is not sufficient to initiate an action potential.

23
Q

Describe the order of catecholamine synthesis.

A

Tyrosine –> DOPA –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine –> Epinephrine

24
Q

What dictates which catecholamines are present in a neuron?

A

The cell’s enzymes

25
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

26
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of DOPA to dopamine?

A

aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

27
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine?

A

dopamine β-hydroxylase

28
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine?

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase

29
Q

What are the three classes of monoamines?

A

Catecholamines (ex: DA, NE, EPI)

Indolamines (ex: Serotonin)

Imidazoles (ex: Histamine)

30
Q

What are the three classes of neurotransmitters?

A

Small molecules

Peptides

Dissolved gases

31
Q

What are some examples of peptide neurotransmitters?

A

Endorphines

Angiotensin

Substance P

CRF

Hypocretin/Orexin

Oxytocin

32
Q

What are some examples of dissolved gas neurotransmitters?

A

NO

CO

33
Q

Monoamines act through what type of receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

34
Q

Is glycine an inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Inhibitory

35
Q

What are the three ways the action of neurotransmitters can be terminated?

A

Degradation/Recycling by specific enzymes

Reuptake by high-affinity membrane transporters

Diffusion (removal by extracellular peptidases)

Essential Neuroscience (10 decks)

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