neurons and localisation of brain function

Question 1

what are neurons?

Answer 1

they are nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals.

neurons are the basic building blocks of the NS.

Question 2

what are the 3 types of neurons?

Answer 2

sensory

relay

motor

Question 3

what do the sensory neurons do?

Answer 3

sensory neurons carry messages from the PNS to the CNS

Question 4

what do sensory neurons look like?

Answer 4

sensory neurons have long dendrites and short axons.

Question 5

what do relay neurons do ?

Answer 5

relay neurons connect sensory neurons to motor or other relay neurons.

Question 6

what do relay neurons look like?

Answer 6

relay neurons have short dendrites and short axons.

Question 7

what do motor neurons do?

Answer 7

motor neurons connect CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands.

Question 8

what do motor neurons look like?

Answer 8

motor neurons have short dendrites and a long axon.

Question 9

what is similar and different between all neurons?

Answer 9

neurons have the same basic structure but vary in size.

Question 10

name all 6 parts of a neuron…

Answer 10

a neuron is made of …

cell body (soma),
axon, 
dendrites,
myelin sheath, 
nodes of Ranvier,
axon terminals

Question 11

what does the cell body (soma) do?

Answer 11

the cell body includes a nucleus that contains the genetic material of the cell

Question 12

what are dendrites and what do they do?

Answer 12

dendrites are branchlike structures that protrude from the cell body. They carry nerve impulses away from the body and down the length of the neuron.

Question 13

what is axon?

Answer 13

an axon is a portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body down the length of the neuron.

Question 14

what is the axon covered in?

Answer 14

the axon is covered in a fatty layer called the myelin sheath.

Question 15

what is the myelin sheath?

Answer 15

the myelin sheath is a fatty layer that protects the axon and speeds up the rate of chemical transmission of an impulse

Question 16

the myelin sheath is segmented by gaps called the what?

Answer 16

the Nodes of Ranvier

Question 17

what are the nodes of Ranvier?

Answer 17

nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath that speed up the rate of chemical transmission of an impulse by forcing it to jump across gaps along the axon.

Question 18

what are the terminal buttons?

Answer 18

terminal buttons are located at the end of the neuron and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons.

they communicate with the next neuron in the chain across a synapse.

Question 19

where are sensory neurons most commonly located?

Answer 19

they are most commonly located in the ganglia

Question 20

relay neuros make up what % of all neurons?

Answer 20

relay neurons make up 97% of all neurons

Question 21

where are relay neurons located?

Answer 21

relay neurons are located within the brain and visual system.

Question 22

where are the motor neurons located?

Answer 22

the cell bodies of motor neurons are found in the CNS , but they have long axons which form part of the PNS.

Question 23

what is localisation of function in the brain?

Answer 23

localisation of function in the brain is the theory that different areas of the brain are responsible for specific behaviours, processes or activities.

Question 24

before localisation of brain function, what theory was accepted for brain function?

Answer 24

before, a more holistic theory of brain function was accepted - all areas of brain were involved in processing of thoughts and actions

Question 25

what is the outer layer of the hemispheres called?

Answer 25

the cerebral cortex

Question 26

what are the 2 hemispheres divided into?

Answer 26

the 2 hemispheres are divided into 4 lobes

Question 27

what are the 4 lobes?

Answer 27

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 28

what is located at the back of the frontal lobe?

Answer 28

the motor area

Question 29

what does the motor area do?

Answer 29

the motor area controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body.

Question 30

is the motor area present in both hemispheres?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

what happens is the motor area is damaged?

Answer 31

damage to this area could result in a loss of control over fine movements.

Question 32

what is located at the front of the parietal lobe?

Answer 32

somatosensory cortex

Question 33

what is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?

Answer 33

the somatosensory cortex is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

Question 34

what is located in the occipital area?

Answer 34

visual area

Question 35

what does the visual area do?

Answer 35

receives and processes visual info.

Question 36

what can damage to the visual area lead to?

Answer 36

it can result in blindness to the opposite VF

Question 37

What is located in the temporal lobe?

Answer 37

auditory area

Question 38

what does the auditory area do?

Answer 38

the auditory area is concerned with the analysis of speech-based info

Question 39

what area of the brain is language restricted to in most people?

Answer 39

the left hemisphere

Question 40

what happened in the 1880s with regards to the area of the brain responsible for speech production?

Answer 40

Paul Broca identified an area in the left frontal lobe that is responsible for speech production. This area is Broca's area

Question 41

what is Broca's area responsible for?

Answer 41

speech production

Question 42

where is Broca's area?

Answer 42

in the left frontal lobe.

Question 43

what can happen is Broca's area is damaged?

Answer 43

damage to Broca's area may lead to Broca's aphasia

Question 44

what is Broca's aphasia characterised by?

Answer 44

Broca's aphasia is characterised by slow, laborious speech lacking in fluency

Question 45

who was Broca's most famous patient?

Answer 45

Tan

Question 46

why was Tan called Tan?

Answer 46

Tan was called Tan as Tan was the only word that he could say

Question 47

people with Broca's aphasia have trouble with...

Answer 47

prepositions and conjunctions

Question 48

who identified Wernicke's area?

Answer 48

Karl Wernicke

Question 49

where is Wernicke's area?

Answer 49

in the left temporal lobe

Question 50

what is Wernicke's area responsible for?

Answer 50

Wernicke's area is responsible for language understanding

Question 51

people with damage to their Wernicke's are have no problem with what? but they have difficulty with what?

Answer 51

people with damage to their Wernicke's are have no problem with producing language but they have difficulty understanding it

Question 52

what is damage to Wernicke's area called?

Answer 52

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 53

people with Wernicke's aphasia will often produce what?

Answer 53

people with Wernicke's aphasia will produce nonsense words (neoglisms) as part of the content of their speech.