Neurons and Microglia

Question 1

what are the 4 cytoskeleton components of neurons

Answer 1

fibrillar proteins
microtubules
microfilaments
neurofilaments

Question 2

what are nissl bodies

Answer 2

RNA in free ribosomes and rER

Question 3

where are nissl bodies found

Answer 3

everywhere except axon hillock and axon

Question 4

what is the function of nissl bodies

Answer 4

protein synthesis

Question 5

what are the 4 types of synapses

Answer 5

axodendritic
axodendritic with dendritic spine
electrical
dendrodendtitic

Question 6

what is neuropil

Answer 6

synapse region with glial processes, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

Question 7

what is the structure of a gap junction

Answer 7

6 molecules of connexin make up a hemichannel
2 hemochannels (one from each opposing membrane makes up a gap junction

Question 8

what is the arrangement of neurofilaments

Answer 8

3x2

Question 9

what is the function of microtubules (2)

Answer 9

fast anterograde axonal transport
axon regrowth

Question 10

in what diseases do neurofilaments become tangled up

Answer 10

Alzheimers
Lou Gehrig’s
Charcot Marie Tooth

Question 11

what is the function of microfilament

Answer 11

motility of growth cone during development

Question 12

what are the functions of dendrites (2)

Answer 12

increase SA for signal reception
integrate signals

Question 13

what is the function of dendritic spines

Answer 13

enhance synaptic surface area

Question 14

what is the plasma membrane of the axon called

Answer 14

axolemma

Question 15

which is fast/slow/both:
anterograde axon transport
retrograde axon transport

Answer 15

anterograde- fast and slow
retrograde- fast

Question 16

fast, retrograde axonal transport uses what motor protein

Answer 16

dynein

Question 17

fast, anterograde axonal transport uses what motor protein

Answer 17

kinesin

Question 18

what gets transported fast retrograde

Answer 18

vesicle membrane remnants
reuptaken neurochemicals
nerve growth factors
cholera toxin
bacteria/viruses

Question 19

what gets transported fast anterograde

Answer 19

pre-propeptides
enzymes required for processing of neuropeptides

Question 20

what gets transported with slow anterograde axonal transport

Answer 20

neurofilaments
microtubules
enzymes required for small molecule neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 21

what are 2 locations where multipolar neurons are located

Answer 21

ventral horn of spinal cord
pyramidal cells of layer V

Question 22

where are bipolar neurons located (3)

Answer 22

retinal neurons
olfactory neurons
cochlear/vestibular ganglia

Question 23

where are pseudo-unipolar neurons found

Answer 23

dorsal root ganglion cells
sensory ganglion of CN V, VII, VIII, and X

Question 24

what neuron structure type is formed from bipolar neurons

Answer 24

pseudo-unipolar

Question 25

where are unipolar neurons found

Answer 25

sensory cells of cochlea vestibular ganglion cells

Question 26

how are golgi type 1 and type 2 projection types different

Answer 26

type 1- principle and projecting neurons with long axons type 2- intrinsic neurons with short axons acting locally

Question 27

are interneurons golgi type 1 or 2

Answer 27

2

Question 28

what are spindle neuons

Answer 28

large neurons with fat, elongated soma with few dendrites

Question 29

in what regions of the brain are spindle neurons found

Answer 29

anterior cingulate cortex fronto-insular cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 30

___ neurons are though to be the first among neurons damaged in diseases like Alzheimers and frontotemporal dementia

Answer 30

specialized spindle

Question 31

what are the connective coverings in the peripheral NS

Answer 31

epineurium perineurium endoneurium

Question 32

what are the connective coverings in the central NS

Answer 32

only endoneurium

Question 33

the neocortex has 2 broad categories of neurons; __ and __

Answer 33

pyramidal and non-pyramidal

Question 34

what neurotransmitter do pyramidal cells release

Answer 34

glutamate

Question 35

do pyramidal cells release an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 35

excitatory (glutamate)

Question 36

how do pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells of the neocortex differ in their projection location

Answer 36

pyramidal project to other cortical areas or out of the cortex non-pyramidal do not project outside the neocortex

Question 37

non-pyramidal cells of the neocortex release what neurotransmitter

Answer 37

GABA

Question 38

do non-pyramidal cells of the neocortex release an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 38

inhibitory

Question 39

large diameter pyramidal cells in the M1 (motor cortex), layer 5 region are called __

Answer 39

Betz cells

Question 40

what are the 5 classes of neuroglia

Answer 40

astrocytes oligodendrocytes radial glia microglia ependymal cells

Question 41

what is the function of protoplasmic astrocytes (2)

Answer 41

metabolic function to facilitate exchange of nutrients between blood vessels and neurons provide limiting membrane on blood vessels and pia

Question 42

what is the function of fibrous aatrocytes

Answer 42

form scar tissue

Question 43

in white matter, oligodendrocytes are called __ in grey matter, oligodendrocytes are called __

Answer 43

white- interfascicular grey- perineural

Question 44

what are radial glia cells

Answer 44

progenitors of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes *they degenerate once the cerebral cortex is developed

Question 45

what is the function of radial glia cells

Answer 45

act as a scaffold for migration of cortical cells

Question 46

what is the function of mircroglia

Answer 46

phagocytosis

Question 47

what are the 3 types of ependymal cells

Answer 47

ependymocytes tanycytes choroidal epithelial cells

Question 48

what is the main function f ependymocytes

Answer 48

produce CSF

Question 49

what is the main function of choroidal epithelial cells

Answer 49

form tight junctions line choroid plexus of ventricles production and secretion of CSF absorption of CSF

Question 50

what cells are the site of the blood-CSF barrier

Answer 50

choroidal epithelial cells

Question 51

the choroid plexus is the site of the ___

Answer 51

blood CSF barrier

Question 52

the blood CSF is made of __ cells the blood brain barrier is made of __ cell endo or epithelial cells

Answer 52

blood CSF= epithelial blood brain= endothelial

Question 53

what cells help form the blood brain barrier

Answer 53

astrocytes

Question 54

how does myelin production differ in the CNS and PNS

Answer 54

CNS- oligodendrocytes produce myelin that covers up to 60 neurons PNS- Schwann cells produce myelin that covers one neurons

Question 55

what are the symptoms of Guillian Barre syndrome (4)

Answer 55

ascending muscle weakness loss of proprioception areflexia deep aching muscle pain

Question 56

Guillian Barre syndrome can be caused by a descending version. This version is called ___

Answer 56

Miller Fisher Syndrome

Question 57

what are the symptoms of Charcot Marie Tooth disease

Answer 57

ascending muscle weakness in foot and lower limbs (can lead to hammertoes, footdrop, etc.) neuropathic pain, numbness/tingling

Question 58

what is the cause of symptoms in multiple sclerosis

Answer 58

damaged nerve myelination

Question 59

what is primary active MS

Answer 59

increasing disability attack episodes gets worse between attack episodes

Question 60

what is primary not active MS

Answer 60

steady increase in disability no attacks

Question 61

what is relapsing remitting MS

Answer 61

increasing disability attacks does not get worse between attacks *most common progression type

Question 62

what are the 2 main treatments for MS

Answer 62

interferons glatiramer acetate

Question 63

what is being looked for in brain scan to diagnose MS

Answer 63

demyelinating brain lesion in optic nerve (left) demyelinating plaques (Dawson Fingers) near ventricles and around occipital lobe (right)

Question 64

how does diabetes lead to diabetic polyneuropathy

Answer 64

minimal circulation to hands/feet-->hypoxia -->degeneration of nerves-->polyneuropathy

Question 65

what is neurofibromatosis

Answer 65

tumor of neural tissue (glia or neurons)

Question 66

how does type I neurofibromatosis differ from type II

Answer 66

I- tumors of neural tissue in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral tissue II- acoustic neuroma of CN VIII-->deafness

Question 67

what type of neuronal damage is reversible

Answer 67

mitochondria swelling ER cellular swelling

Question 68

what type of neuronal damage is irreversible

Answer 68

Ca2+ deposits in the mitochondria cytomembrane ruptures

Question 69

what type of neuronal damage leads to cell death

Answer 69

pyknosis (nucleus shrinks) karyorrhexis (nucleus falls apart, becomes eccentric) karyolysis (nucleus disappears)