Neurons and Neuroglia

Question 1

What is the role of a neuron?

Answer 1

Transmit electrical signals

Question 2

What is the role of neuroglia?

Answer 2

Support cells

Question 3

What is the compo. of gray matter?

Answer 3

Cell bodies

Question 4

What is the compo. of white matter?

Answer 4

Fiber tracts/axons

Question 5

What are clusters of nuclei in CNS?

Answer 5

Nuclei

Question 6

What are clusters of nuclei in PNS?

Answer 6

ganglion

Question 7

What are the bundles of axons in CNS?

Answer 7

Fasicles

Question 8

What are the bundles of axons in PNS?

Answer 8

Nerves

Question 9

What is the stain for gray matter?

Answer 9

Nissl (crystyl violet)

Question 10

What is the stain for white matter?

Answer 10

Hematoxylin-based like Weil

Question 11

Can neurons divide/regenerate after prenatal development?***

Answer 11

NO

Question 12

What is the function of a dendrite?

Answer 12

Receive signals from cells

Question 13

What is the function of a cell body/soma?

Answer 13

1) Metabolic support for the cell (MTCH)

2) Protein synthesis (A LOT of RER)

Question 14

What is the function of axons?

Answer 14

Carry action potentials long distances to other cells.

Question 15

Where is the usual point for initiation of electrical impulses?

Answer 15

Axon hillcock

Question 16

In the dendrite of a neuron, where is the site that other cells synapse?

Answer 16

Dendritic spine

Question 17

What are the side branches of axons?

Answer 17

Collaterals

Question 18

What do axons terminate in?

Answer 18

Synaptic bouton

Question 19

What do axons contain for neurotransmitter transport?

Answer 19

Microtubules

Question 20

What transports molecules from boutons to soma in a neuron, and what is this process called?

Answer 20

Dynein; retrograde

Question 21

What transports molecules from soma to synaptic nerve-endings and what is this process called?

Answer 21

Kinesin; Anterograde

Question 22

What is convergence?

Answer 22

A single neuron can receive input from many sources

Question 23

What is divergence?

Answer 23

The axon of a neuron can branch to affect cells in different locations.

Question 24

What kind of neurons converge?

Answer 24

Motor

Question 25

What kind of neurons diverge?

Answer 25

Sensory

Question 26

Are there more sensory neurons or motor neurons?

Answer 26

Sensory

Question 27

Where would you find interneurons?

Answer 27

CNS

Question 28

What species has unipolar neurons?

Answer 28

Invertebrates

Question 29

What is a unipolar neuron?

Answer 29

Have only an axon. Smallest nerve cell

Question 30

What is a bipolar cell?

Answer 30

1) Oval-shaped soma 2) A dendrite 3) Axon

Question 31

What cells are mostly bipolar?

Answer 31

Sensory cells (optical field)

Question 32

What are multipolar neurons?

Answer 32

1) Single axon | 2) Many dendrites

Question 33

What cells predominate in the nervous system of vertebrates?

Answer 33

Multipolar

Question 34

What organelle does the cell body/soma of a neuron have A LOT of?

Answer 34

RER for protein synthesis

Question 35

What cells dominate in # in the brain?

Answer 35

Neuroglia

Question 36

What is the key role of glia?

Answer 36

Maintains homeostasis and a healthy environment for the cell.

Question 37

What are the 4 main types of glia?

Answer 37

1) Astrocytes 2) Ependymal cells 3) Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells 4) Microglia

Question 38

What glia 1) line the fluid-filled ventricular spaces of the brain, 2) secrete CSF?

Answer 38

Ependymal cells

Question 39

Which glia are 1) the most abundant 2) Pick up excess K+ 3) involved in glia-neuronal migration development 4) form tight junctions in BBB?

Answer 39

Astrocytes

Question 40

What cells secrete myelin in the CNS?

Answer 40

Oligodendrocytes

Question 41

Which cells secrete myelin in the PNS?

Answer 41

Schwann cells

Question 42

How many axons do Schwann cells myelinate at a time?***

Answer 42

ONE

Question 43

How many axons do oligodendrocytes myelinate at a time?***

Answer 43

MANY

Question 44

How does myelination affect nerve transduction?

Answer 44

Speeds it up!

Question 45

Do nodes of Ranvier have myelin?

Answer 45

NO

Question 46

What happens when large areas of axon lose myelin like in PD/multiple schlerosis?

Answer 46

Propagation is slowed or stopped entirely due to the lack of V-gated channels in the bared internodal areas.

Question 47

Where do microglia reside at?

Answer 47

Gray matter (think greying hair)

Question 48

What do microglia derive from?

Answer 48

Monocytes

Question 49

What do resting/happy microglia look like?

Answer 49

Small body with long processes

Question 50

What do active/angry microglia look like?

Answer 50

Fat body with short stubby processes

Question 51

What do microglia release when they are activated?

Answer 51

Cytokines

Question 52

What population has elevated cytokine levels?

Answer 52

Aged people

Question 53

Can microglia become deadly when there is prolonged activation like in AD and PD?

Answer 53

Yes. Not good.

Question 54

What food should you eat to reduce inflammation and decrease microglia activity?

Answer 54

Blueberries.