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Neuropathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is fluid collection within the extravascular space?

A

Cerebral Edema

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2
Q

What is excessive CSF accumulation that expands the ventricular system and increases ICP?

A

Hydrocephalus

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3
Q

What is the increase in CSF due to loss of brain parenchyma called?

A

Ex Vacuo

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4
Q

What type of herniation is associated with one-sided cerebral mass effect and what does is compress?

A

Subfalcine Herniation (cingulate gyrus compression against falx cerebri; Anterior Cerebral a.

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5
Q

What type of herniation causes compression of the medial aspect of the temporal lobe against the tentorium and what type of hemorrhage can it cause?

A

Transtentorial (Uncal) Herniation; Duret hemorrhage (midbrain and upper pons; tearing of upper branches of basilar a.)

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6
Q

What herniation is a lumbar puncture contraindicated for?

A

Tonsillar Herniation (cerebellar tonsils herniate downward through foramen magnum)

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7
Q

What is protrusions of brain/meninges through openings in the skull?

A

Encephalocele (Cranium Bifidum)

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8
Q

What is malformation of the anterior end of the neural tube?

A

Anancephaly (absence of brain and skull; “frog-like” appearance)

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9
Q

What does excess cells exiting the proliferating pool too early cause?

A

Microcephaly

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10
Q

What does too few cells exiting during early divisions cause?

A

Megalencephaly

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11
Q

What is the complete absence of migration from the ventricles?

A

Subependymal (Periventricular) Heterotopia

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12
Q

What is partial migration to the neocortex?

A

Lissencephaly (no normal cortical layers formed)

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13
Q

What is it called when there is disruption during the late stage of migration and cortical organization?

A

Polymicrogyria (cobblestone appearance)

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14
Q

What is the absence of the forebrain division into two hemispheres?

A

Holoprosencephaly

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15
Q

What is the congenital failure of development of the cerebellar vermis?

A

Dandy-Walker Malformation

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16
Q

What posterior malformation is associated with meningomyelocele and syringomyelia?

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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17
Q

What is dilatation of the spinal canal by CSF?

A

Hydromyelia

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18
Q

What is a fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within the spinal cord causing cystic degeneration called?

A

Syringomyelia

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19
Q

What are racoon eyes and battle’s sign associated with?

A

Basal Skull Fractures

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20
Q

What is an incomplete fracture of the skull called?

A

Greenstick Fracture

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21
Q

What is dementia pugilistica associated with?

A

Repetitive concussions

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22
Q

What are plaque jaune (old injuries showing retracted brownish appearance at gyral crests) associated with?

A

Contusions

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23
Q

What cerebrovascular injury is associated with a lucid period often preceding neurological signs?

A

Epidural Hematoma

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24
Q

What is generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion?

A

Global Cerebral Ischemia

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25
What is associated with bilateral hippocampal damage resulting in anterograde amnesia and less severe retrograde amnesia?
Korsakoff's Amnesia
26
What type of focal cerebral ischemia often causes nonhemorrhagic infarcts (pale infarcts)?
Thrombotic Stroke (most commonly caused by atherosclerosis)
27
Where are common sites of thrombotic infarcts?
Carotid bifurcation, middle cerebral artery, basilar artery
28
What type of focal cerebral ischemia often causes hemorrhagic infarcts and what is the reason?
Embolic Stroke; due to reperfusion injury
29
What are common sites of embolic infarcts and where do they originate from?
Middle cerebral artery; left side of heart, carotid arteries, paradoxical
30
What are small dilations at small artery bifurcations and what are they most commonly associated with?
Charcot-Bouchard Microaneurysms; hypertension
31
What are small non-cortical infarcts caused by occlusion of a penetrating branch of a large cerebral artery?
Lacunar Infarcts
32
What causes fibrinoid necrosis/thrombosis of arterioles and capillaries leading to microinfarcts and microhemorrhages?
Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy (due to increased ICP due to elevated diastolic pressure)
33
What is associated with amyloid fibrils deposited in walls of leptomeningeal and cortical arteries?
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA)
34
What is the most common aneurysm of the brain and where does it occur?
Berry Aneurysm (subarachnoid hemorrhage); circle of willis
35
What CNS infection is associated with headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity?
Meningitis
36
What type of meningitis is associated with neutrophils, increased serum protein, and decreased serum glucose in the CSF?
Bacterial/Pyogenic Meningitis
37
What is diffuse inflammation of brain tissue?
Encephalitis
38
What type of encephalitis is associated with Cowdry type A bodies?
HSV-1 (kids and teens)
39
What type of encephalitis is associated with Negri bodies?
Rabies virus
40
What disease has a rapid clinical course causing dementia and death within 7 months?
Prion Disease
41
What type of prion disease is associated with spongiform transformation of cerebral cortex and caudate, putamen and formation of vacuoles within the neuropil?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
42
What disease is associated with oligoclonal bands?
MS
43
What disease is associated with a postinfectious autoimmune reaction to myelin?
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
44
What disease is associated with a JC Polyoma viral infection?
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
45
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy is almost always found in what type of individuals?
HIV patients
46
This disease is thought to be due to oligodendrocyte injury related to edema induced by sudden changes in osmotic pressure.
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
47
This disease may present with rapidly evolving quadriplegia.
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
48
What disease has the most extensive injury involving proximal motor nerve roots?
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
49
What is the most common leukodystrophy?
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
50
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy involves a deficiency in what enzyme?
Arylsulfatase A
51
What disease is associated with Globoid cells?
Krabbe Disease
52
What x-linked disease is associated with impaired degradation of long chain FAs?
Adrenoleukodystrophy
53
What x-linked disease is associated with mutation in a gene encoding two myelin proteins?
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
54
What disease results in the accumulation of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (NAA)?
Canavan Disease
55
What are the cardinal symptoms of thiamine deficiency?
Polyneuropathy, Edema, Cardiac Failure
56
What is the difference between dry and wet beriberi?
Dry: when NM symptoms predominate; Wet: if cardiac failure predominates
57
What is associated with hemorrhagic mamillary bodies?
Wernicke's Encephalopathy (abrupt onset of confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia)
58
Pernicious anemia is associated with what deficiency?
Vitamin B12
59
Hippocampal neurons are especially sensitive to what metabolic disorder?
Hypoglycemia
60
Astrocytes in the cortex and basal ganglia develop swollen pale nuclei in what metabolic disorder?
Hepatic Encephalopathy (elevated ammonia)
61
What disorder is associated with hemorrhagic necrosis of the putamen?
Methanol Toxicity
62
What disorder is associated with bilateral liquefactive necrosis of the globus pallidus?
Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
63
What tumor is associated with Rosenthal fibers and BRAF serine threonine kinase?
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
64
What is associated with a butterfly pattern of the frontal lobes and corpus callosum?
Gliobastoma Multiforme
65
What tumor has a fried-egg appearance?
Oligodendroglioma
66
Chromosome 1p and 19q loss/deletion is associated with what disease and what can it be detected with?
Oligodendroglioma; FISH
67
What tumor arises from arachnoidal meningothelial cells?
Meningioma
68
What tumor is associated with Psammoma bodies?
Meningioma
69
What is the most common type of Meningioma?
Sporadic (NF2 22q12 loss)
70
What tumor is associated with pseudorosettes?
Ependyoma
71
What tumors are associated with neurofibromatosis type 2?
Diffuse Astrocytoma, Meningioma, Ependyoma
72
What tumor is associated with Homer-Wright rosettes?
Medullablastoma
73
Associated with mutation on the 17q chromosome.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Von Recklinghausen's Disease)
74
What is associated with mutation of merlin in 22q chromosome?
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
75
What is associated with mutation of the VHL gene on chromosome 3p?
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
76
What is associated with mutation of hamartin on 9q or tuberin on 16p?
Tuberous Sclerosis
77
What disease is associated with ApoE4?
Alzheimer's Disease
78
What disease is associated with neurofibrillary tangles?
Alzheimer's Disease
79
Pick's disease is a sub-type of what disorder?
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
80
Echolalia is associated with what disease?
Pick's Disease/FLD
81
What disease is associated with Lewy bodies?
Parkinson's Disease
82
This disease is associated with CAG repeats.
Huntington's Disease
83
What is the clinical triad associated with Huntington's disease?
Dementia, Choreiform movements, Family history
84
What is the most common spinocerebellar ataxia?
Friedrich Ataxia
85
What disease is associated with GAA expansion causing loss of function of the frataxin protein?
Friedrich Ataxia
86
What disease is associated with mutation in the superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1)?
ALS

Pathology (3 decks)

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