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Pathophys quiz 3 > Neurophys > Flashcards

Neurophys Flashcards

1
Q

Is endocrine fast or slow control?

A

slow control

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2
Q

Is the nervous system fast or slow control?

A

fast control

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3
Q

2 major divisions f the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that connect the brain or spinal cord with the body’s muscles, glands, and sense organs.

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6
Q

Basic cell type of the nervous system

A

neuron

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7
Q

neurons are amitotic meaning…

A

they do not divide

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8
Q

Neurons have a very high what?

A

metabolic rate. they need a lot of glucose and have a lot of mitochondria

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9
Q

most numerous cells in the CNS

A

Glial (non-neuronal support)

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

SOO diverse! Work in healing; regulate ion concentrations, synapse formations and more; Create a supportive framework for neurons.

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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form and maintain myelin in the CNS.

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12
Q

Microglia

A

CNS macrophages. Important immune system workers of the CNS.

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13
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Create CSF in the CNS.

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14
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Create myelin in the PNS.

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15
Q

Afferent neurons

A

move from the muscle to the CNS
-affected by a stimulus
see slide 13

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16
Q

Efferent neurons

A

move from the CNS to the muscle
-cause an effect
see slide 13

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17
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Lie entirely within the CNS

- account for > 99 percent of all neurons

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18
Q

If axons are severed, they can repair themselves and restore significant function only if….

A

the damage occurs outside the CNS and does not affect the neurons cells body

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19
Q

why is peripheral nerve injury healing so slow?

A

axon regrowth proceeds at a rate of only 1 mm per day

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20
Q

what happens to the axon segment that is separated from injury?

A

the cell body degenerates. The part of the axon still attached to the cell body then develops a new growth cone, which grows out toward the effector organ. Sometimes function is restored.

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21
Q

apoptosis=

A

cell death

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22
Q

what you need to know about generation and conduction of a nerve impulse:

A
  • Resting Membrane Potential, generated by Active Transport
  • Voltage Gated Na+ and K+ Channels
  • Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization
  • Graded Potential
  • Threshold Potential
  • ALL-OR-NONE FIRING
  • Action Potential
  • Unidirectional signal conduction
  • Delayed opening of K+ channels relative to Na+ channels
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23
Q

The resting membrane potential

A

difference in charge

  • more positive outside
  • more negative inside
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24
Q

what is the sodium potassium pump reliant on

A

ATP function

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25
Q

Depolarization

A

the potential moving from RMP to less negative values.

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26
Q

Repolarization

A

is the potential moving back to the RMP.

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27
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

the potential moving away from the RMP in a more negative direction.

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28
Q

Graded potentials

A
  • little changes in membrane potential that are confined to a relatively small region of the plasma membrane.
  • By definition, they can be of various sizes, but don’t reach threshold potential by themselves.
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29
Q

Two types of graded potentials

A

EPSP’s (excitatory)

IPSP’s (inhibitory)

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30
Q

7 steps of the nerve firing

A

1.RMP
2.threshold reached.
3.Na+ channels open in response to the depolarization beside them.
4.Na+ channels are inactivated while the slower K+ channels open to repolarize the cell.
Since the sodium channels are inactive, the signal can’t go backward here.
5.K+ channels cause enough + ions to leave the cell’s interior that the membrane repolarizes, and in fact…
6.Hyperpolarizes the cell, making it even harder for a signal to transmit backward.
7.K+ channels finally close and Na+ channels are reactivated, but by this time the signal is long gone.

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31
Q

action potential inhibition

A

Lidocaine, Procaine, Marcaine– block voltage-gated Na+ channels.

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32
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

another action potential cannot be sent at this time (step 5 of nerve firing)

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33
Q

relative refractory period

A

another can be sent only if it is big enough to overcome this hyperpolarization PLUS the normal amount of depolarization (step 6 of nerve firing)

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34
Q

what is Myelin?

A

an insulator that makes it more difficult for charge to flow between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments.
-adds speed, reduces metabolic cost, and saves room in the nervous system because the axons can be thinner

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35
Q

What are the node of Ranvier?

A

Action potentials occur only there

-where the myelin coating is interrupted and the concentration of voltage-gated Na+ channels is high.

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36
Q

how do synapses pass information?

A

chemically or electronically

-they use neurotransmitters

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37
Q

are synapses inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory or excitatory depending on the signal/ neurotransmitter being transmitted

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38
Q

When the synapses signal is Electrical

A

Pre- and post-synaptic cells are connected by gap junctions

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39
Q

When the synapses signal is Chemical

A
  • Pre-synaptic neurons release neurotransmitter from their axon terminals
  • Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post-synaptic neurons
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40
Q

neurotransmitter is released via what?

A

exocytosis

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41
Q

autoreceptors are

A

a built-in brake for the system

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42
Q

To terminate the signal in a chemical synapse, the neurotransmitter must be removed. This is accomplished by:

A
  1. Diffusion of the transmitter from the cleft
  2. Degradation of the transmitter by enzymes
  3. Reuptake into the pre-synaptic cells for reuse
  4. Removal of the receptors in the post-synaptic cell’s membrane.
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43
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach):

A
  • This one is made by attaching acetyl CoA to choline.
  • It’s ALWAYS the first signaler on efferent pathways to the peripheral nervous system.
  • After being sent into the synapse, it gets broken back into AcCoA and Choline by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The pieces then get recycled.
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44
Q

CATECHOLAMINES:
Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
(DA, Epi, NE):

A
  • Made from the amino acid tyrosine
  • NE and Epi are important in the Sympathetic Nervous System (more on that later)
  • Once released into the synapse, they’re either taken back up into the pre-synaptic neuron or destroyed by monoamine oxidase (MAO).
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45
Q

Serotonin

a complicated one!

A
  • Made from an essential amino acid, Tryptophan.
  • Works slower than some neurotransmitters– more of a “modulator” than a true transmitter.
  • Almost always there’s another transmitter being released along with it.
  • It’s excitatory in muscle pathways, inhibitory in sensory pathways.
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46
Q

Endogenous Opioids:

A
  • Short polypeptides (~15-25 aa’s long)
  • Unlike other transmitters, these are made in the cell body, put into vesicles, and transported all the way down the axon for release.
  • Eventually broken down by peptidases– but they can last a while.
  • Runner’s high, firewalking and the like have been attributed to Endogenous opoids.
  • Also have an effect on appetite, mood, emotion.
47
Q

Many drugs act by interfering with or stimulating processes in the neuron, some of the processes include…

A

neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, and release, and in receptor activation.

48
Q

Clostridium tetani (tetanus toxin)

A
  • prevents vesicle fusion with the membrane, inhibiting release of GABA– a neurotransmitter that would normally inhibit muscle contraction.
  • What is the result?
    - increased and tetanic muscle contraction.
49
Q

Clostridium botulinum bacilli toxin (botulism):

A
  • interferes with actions of SNARE proteins at excitatory synapses that activate muscles.
  • What is the result?
    • Absence of muscle contraction (muscle paralysis).
50
Q

What is Botox used for?

A

Low doses are injected therapeutically to treat facial wrinkles, severe sweating, hyper-contracted neck muscles, migraines, uncontrollable blinking, misalignment of the eyes, and others.

51
Q

Efferents in the PNS are divided into what?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

52
Q

Brain is subdivided into what 3 divisions?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

53
Q

Forebrain consists of what?

A

CEREBRUM AND DIENCEPHALON (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

54
Q

Cerebrum =

A

right and left hemispheres + other structures on the underside of the brain.

55
Q

The central core of the forebrain is formed by what, which helps connect the 2 hemispheres?

A

diencephalon

56
Q

what does each hemisphere contain?

A

cerebral cortex (outer shell of gray matter composed mostly of cell bodies that give the area a gray appearance) + inner layer of white matter (composed primarily of myelinated fiber tracts)

57
Q

Beneath the white matter: there is another layer of gray matter cell clusters called… (and what do they do?)

A

the subcortical nuclei– interneurons that:

- bring information into the cerebrum
- carry information out
- connect different areas within a hemisphere
58
Q

what makes up white matter?

A

myelin

59
Q

what makes up gray matter?

A

neurons

60
Q

The cortex is 3 mm in thickness but is highly folded. WHY?

A

Folds create an area that is four times larger than if the brain surface were flat, without appreciably increasing the volume of the brain.

61
Q

The cortex of each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes:

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
62
Q

The cortex layers of the left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the ______

A

corpus callosum– a massive bundle of nerve fibers.

63
Q

Frontal Lobe:

A

REASONING, PLANNING, parts of speech, MOVEMENT, emotions, and problem solving

64
Q

Parietal Lobe:

A

MOVEMENT, PERCEPTION OF STIMULI, orientation, recognition

65
Q

Occipital Lobe:

A

VISSUAL PROCESSING

66
Q

Temporal Lobe:

A

PERCEPTION AND RECOGNITION OF AUDITORY STIMULI, MEMORY, and speech

67
Q

The brain’s neurons are________

A

upper motor neurons– they direct voluntary movements and integrate signals to create many involuntary muscle activities.

68
Q

The neuron that actually goes to a muscle is usually a

A

lower motor neuron– with its cell body in the spinal cord and its axon in the periphery.

69
Q

What do many interneurons affect?

A

the stimulus that a muscle will recieve

70
Q

FUNCTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX:

INTEGRATION

A
  • Collects afferent info
  • Processes it
  • effects motor and endocrine systems based on that info
71
Q

Subcortical Nuclei–

A

areas of gray matter that lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres. Still forebrain; just deep in the forebrain.

72
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

part of the cerebral cortex

- plays an important role in controlling movement, posture and the complex aspects of behavior

73
Q

Diencephalon:

A

-MIDDLE OF THE BRAIN AT THE BOTTOM
-CONTAINS THE THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, AND EPITHALAMUS
(not being quizzed on)

74
Q

Thalamus:

A

-KEY ROLES: AROUSAL AND FOCUSING ATTENTION

not being quizzed on

75
Q

Hypothalamus:

A
  • lies below the thalamus and on the undersurface of the brain
  • the master command center for neural- endocrine coordination.
  • Effects behaviors dealing with preservation of the individual (e.g.eating and drinking) and preservation of the species (reproduction)
  • lies directly above the pituitary gland (more on this in endocrine) and regulates it.
76
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates movements and controls posture and balance through feedback loops

  • Receives info from muscles, joints, skin, eyes, ears, viscera, and the parts of the brain that control movement
  • also involved in people who learn by doing.
77
Q

The central butterfly-shaped area of gray matter in the spinal cord =

A
  • interneurons,
  • the cell bodies of efferent neurons,
  • the entering axons of afferent neurons
  • glial cells.
78
Q

what is the surrounding white matter of the spinal cord?

A

groups of myelinated axons

79
Q

Afferent fibers from peripheral nerves enter the spinal cord on the dorsal side via the ______

A

dorsal roots

80
Q

Small bumps on the dorsal roots, __________, contain the cell bodies of these afferent neurons.

A

the dorsal root ganglia

81
Q

The axons of efferent neurons leave the spinal cord via the

A

ventral roots

82
Q

A short distance from the cord, the dorsal and ventral roots from the same level combine to form a _______, one on each side of the spinal cord.

A

spinal nerve

83
Q

how many pairs of nerves for the PNS

A

43

84
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are in the PNS

A

12

85
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS?

A

31

86
Q

Function of the PNS

A

Neurons in the PNS transmit signals between the CNS and receptors/ effectors in all other parts of the body.

87
Q

Spinal nerves are names by the vertebral levels from which they exit, what are those levels and how many exit each?

A 
Cervical (8)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (1)
88
Q

cervical nerves =

A

muscles, glands and sensory from/for the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands.

89
Q

thoracic nerves =

A

chest and upper abdomen.

90
Q

lumbar nerves =

A

the lower abdomen, hips, and legs.

91
Q

sacral + coccygeal nerves =

A

genitals and lower digestive tract.

92
Q

All the spinal nerves contain both _____ and ______fibers, whereas some of the cranial nerves contain only _______ fibers or only _________ fibers.

A

afferent and efferent

93
Q

Somatic

A

skeletal muscle, excitation only

94
Q

autonomic

A
  • automatic
  • sympathetic or parasympathetic
  • sympathetic innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and GI neurons
  • parasympathetic can be excitatory or inhibitory
95
Q

Sympathetic uses ___ at central synapse and __ and ___ at the distal synapse.

A

ACh
NE
Epi

96
Q

Sympathetic =

A

fight or flight

97
Q

Parasympathetic uses ___ throughout– no ___ or ___

_

A

ACh

NE or Epi

98
Q

Parasympathetic =

A

rest and digest

99
Q

One set of neurons in the sympathetic division never develops axons. Instead, they form the _____ _______

A

adrenal medulla

100
Q

When stimulated by the SNS, cells of the adrenal medulla release a mixture of about __% epinephrine and ___% NE into the bloodstream.

A

80%, 20%

101
Q

Because this mixture is released into the bloodstream, it’s ______ system rather than ________system.

A

endocrine, nervous

-This is often referred to as neuroendocrine regulation

102
Q

All efferent messages coming form the CNS use __________ as their first neurotransmitter– always.

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

103
Q

___ always acts on skeletal muscles in the somatic NS

A

ACh

104
Q

___ always acts as the second neurotransmitter in the PNS

A

ACh

105
Q

__ or ___ is the 2nd transmitter in the SNS

A

NE or Epi

106
Q

Meninges are the ____

A

membranes that line the structures and add additional support and protection.

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
107
Q

protects and cushions the structures of the CNS

A

CSF

108
Q

There are three layers of the meninges–

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

109
Q

The job of the meninges is to:

A
  1. cover/protect the CNS
  2. protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses
  3. contain CSF
  4. form partitions in the skull
110
Q

CSF

A
  • extracelluar fluid of CNS

- secreted by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

111
Q

Meningitis

A
  • inflammation of the meninges
  • It’s a serious threat to the brain since bacterial or viral meningitis can spread throughout the CNS.
  • Inflammation of the brain = encephalitis
112
Q

The sub-arachnoid space is _____

A

filled with CSF and contains the largest blood vessels serving the brain.

113
Q

arachnoid villi

A

absorb the CSF back into the venous blood system.

114
Q

The pia mater

A

clings to the brain and contains a network of blood vessels.

Pathophys quiz 3 (3 decks)

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