Neurophysiology

Question 1

Segments in Cervical Spine Vertebrae

Answer 1

Cervical Nerves (C1-C8)

Question 2

Segments in Thoracic Spine Vertebrae

Answer 2

Thoracic Nerves (T1-T12)

Question 3

Segments in Lumbar Spine Vertebrae

Answer 3

Lumbar Nerves (L1-L5)

Question 4

Segments in Sacrum

Answer 4

Sacral Nerves (S1-S5)

Question 5

It is the 31st pair of spinal nerves

Answer 5

Coccygeal

Question 6

A subdivision of your peripheral nervous system, which is all of your nervous system except your brain and spinal cord (encompassing the skeletal muscle effectors and allowing the movement and control throughout one’s body)

Answer 6

Somatic nervous system

Question 7

a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

Answer 7

Autonomic nervous system

Question 8

It consists of all the nerve structures outside of the brain and spinal cord, which make up the CNS. It serves as a communication network that connects the CNS to the rest of the body

Answer 8

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 9

Under autonomic nervous system (ANS), it is responsible for regulating involuntary physiological processes in the body, including those related to rest, digestion, and recovery.

Answer 9

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

Question 10

Under autonomic nervous system (ANS), it is responsible for activating the body’s “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body to respond to perceived threats or stressful situations.

Answer 10

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Question 11

Is diuresis caused by PNS or SNS action?

Answer 11

PNS

Question 12

Is self-defense caused by PNS or SNS action?

Answer 12

SNS

Question 13

Does having a dinner buffet involve PNS or SNS action?

Answer 13

PNS

Question 14

Is the preparation of the body to either confront a threat or flee from it caused by PNS or SNS action?

Answer 14

SNS

Question 15

It is the collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 15

Ganglion

Question 16

[SNS] Origin of preganglionic nerve: nuclei of spinal cord segments _____; _______ (thoracolumbar)

Answer 16

T1-T12; L1-L3

Question 17

[PNS] Origin of preganglionic nerve: nuclei of cranial nerves II, VII, IX, and X; spinal cord segments ____ (craniosacral)

Answer 17

S2-S4

Question 18

[SNS]

Length of preganglionic nerve axon:
Neurotransmitter in ganglion:
Receptor type in ganglion:
Length of postganglionic nerve axon:

Answer 18

Short
ACh
Nicotinic
Long

Question 19

[PNS]

Length of preganglionic axon:
Neurotransmitter in ganglion:
Receptor type in ganglion:
Length of postganglionic nerve axon:

Answer 19

Long
ACh
Nicotinic
Short

Question 20

[SNS]

Effector organs:
Neurotransmitter in effector organs:
Receptor types in effector organs:

Answer 20

smooth & cardiac muscles; glands
Norepinephrine (except sweat glands, which use ACh)
adrenoreceptors (a1, a2, b1 & b2)

Question 21

[PNS]

Effector organs:
Neurotransmitter in effector organs:
Receptor types in effector organs:

Answer 21

smooth & cardiac muscles; glands
ACh
Muscarinic

Question 22

Synapses between neurons are made in the ___________

Answer 22

autonomic ganglia

Question 23

__________ is a specialized ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 23

Adrenal medulla

Question 24

______ cells produce the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Answer 24

Chromaffin

Question 25

__________ neurons release norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter.

Answer 25

Adrenergic

Question 26

_________ neurons, whether in the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system, release acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter

Answer 26

Cholinergic

Question 27

Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons release _________, __________, and _________.

Answer 27

substance P vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) nitric oxide (NO)

Question 28

Receptor: a1 Location:

Answer 28

Smooth muscle

Question 29

Receptor: a2 Location:

Answer 29

GI tract

Question 30

Receptor: b1 Location:

Answer 30

heart

Question 31

Receptor: b2 Location:

Answer 31

smooth muscle

Question 32

Receptor: Nm (N1) Location:

Answer 32

Skeletal muscle

Question 33

Receptor: Nn (N2) Location:

Answer 33

Autonomic ganglia

Question 34

Receptor: M1 Location:

Answer 34

CNS

Question 35

Receptor: M2 Location:

Answer 35

heart

Question 36

Receptor: M3 Location:

Answer 36

Glands, smooth muscle

Question 37

Organ: Heart ↑ heart rate; ↑ contractility; ↑ AV node conduction SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 37

SNS b1

Question 38

Organ: Vascular smooth muscle constricts blood vessel in skin dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscle SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 38

SNS a1, b2

Question 39

Organ: GI tract ↓motility; constricts sphincters SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 39

SNS a1, a2, b2

Question 40

Organ: bronchioles constricts bronchiolar muscles SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 40

PNS b2

Question 41

Organ: male sex organs erection SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 41

PNS a

Question 42

Organ: bladder relaxes bladder wall SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 42

SNS a1, b2

Question 43

Organ: sweat glands ↑sweating SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 43

SNS M (sympathetic cholinergic)

Question 44

Organ: eye (radial muscle, iris) constricts pupil (miosis) SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 44

PNS a1

Question 45

Organ: eye (radial muscle, iris) dilates pupil (mydriasis) SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 45

SNS a1

Question 46

Organ: kidney ↑renin secretion SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 46

SNS b1

Question 47

Organ: fat cells ↑lipolysis SNS action or PNS action? What receptor/s?

Answer 47

SNS b1

Question 48

receptors that are activated by ACh or nicotine that also produce excitation

Answer 48

Cholinergic receptors (cholinoreceptors)

Question 49

receptors that are inhibitory in heart but are excitatory in smooth muscle and glands (activated by ACh and muscarine)

Answer 49

Muscarinic receptors

Question 50

______ surrounds the nucleus and is responsible for protein synthesis.

Answer 50

Cell body

Question 51

______ arise from the cell body and receive information from adjacent neurons.

Answer 51

Dendrites

Question 52

______ projects from the ________, where action potentials originate and send information to other neurons or muscle

Answer 52

Axon, axon hillock

Question 53

_________ function as support cells for neurons

Answer 53

Glial cells

Question 54

_______ supply metabolic fuels to neurons, secrete trophic factors, and synthesize neurotransmitters.

Answer 54

Astrocytes

Question 55

_________ synthesize myelin in the CNS (whereas __________ synthesize myelin in the PNS).

Answer 55

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

Question 56

________ proliferate following neuronal injury and serve as scavengers for cellular debris.

Answer 56

Microglial cells