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BDS2.5 Neurophysiology > Neurophysiology - Mastication > Flashcards

Neurophysiology - Mastication Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call mastication?

A

Ingestion

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2
Q

What is stage 1 and 2 of ingestion?

A
  1. Transport
    Food from lips to cheek teeth (molars,
    Premolars)
    Mastication
  2. Transport
    Food from check teeth to back of tongue
    To back of tongue - bolus formation

Swallowing

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3
Q

What is the role of mastication?

A

Breakdown food

Stimulate salivary flow

Contribution of taste and smell by releasing chemicals

Growth and maintenance of oro-facial tissues

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4
Q

How necessary is mastication for absorption in the gut?

A

Very important

Read meat and vegetables need mastication to be absorbed

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5
Q

What food don’t fully rely on mastication for absorption?

A

White meat

Fish, eggs rice bread cheese

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6
Q

Why is mastication important for dentist to know?

A

Poor dentition, poor mastication

Have more but disorders, does not mean one is leading to the other

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7
Q

How is gut health and poor dentition related?

A

Poor dentition leads to gut disorder

Poor diet leads to poor dentition and gut disorders

Poor dentition leads to avoidance of high fibre food - poor gut health

Not cause and effect but clear relation

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8
Q

What can overlap with mastication in humans?

A

Swallowing

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9
Q

What are the 2 sequences of swallowing?

A

Mid-sequence (swallowing during chewing)

End-sequence

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10
Q

What is the chewing cycle?

A

Opening
Closing -
Intercuspal

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11
Q

What are the two stages in the closing phase?

A

Fast (crushing phase)

followed by:
Slow (grinding phase)

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12
Q

What are the phases in intercuspal phase?

A

Contact

Tooth-food-tooth
Tooth-tooth

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13
Q

How long is the chewing cycle?

A

0.5 to 1.2 secs

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14
Q

What is bolus formation?

A

Bolus formation ensures that when the food mass is swallowed, it will pass the pharyngeal region safely without risk of inhaling small particles into the lower respiratory tract.

Crucial for bolus formation is food particle size reduction by mastication.

This allows the tongue to pack particles together tightly by pressure against the hard palate.

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15
Q

What movements contribute to the mechanics of mastication?

A

jaw movements

lip movements

tongue movements

cheek movement

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16
Q

What is 1 chewing cycle?

A

opening + closing + power stroke

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17
Q

What is chewing sequence?

A

numerous chewing cycle

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18
Q

What is the working side and balancing side?

A

working side = functional side
- to which mandible moves
- where food is located

balancing side = non-functional side
- from which mandible moves

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19
Q

What is opening of the teeth during the open phase? (antyerior and posterior)

A

anterior 16-18mm

posterior 10mm

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20
Q

How many mm is the shift towards the working side?

A

5-6mm

21
Q

Put these phases in order:

close
shift towards working side
open

A

open

shift towards working side

close

22
Q

What is the movement of the condylar head during opening? (working and balancing side)

A

working side head:

  • rotates
  • moves slightly (1-1.4mm) laterally

balancing side:

  • moves downwards, forwards and medially
23
Q

Bennett movement?

A

Lateral movement of the mandible

24
Q

What is the movement of the condylar head during closing?

A

working side:

  • moves medially (back to normal position in glenoid fossa)
  • rotates back to normal orientation

balancing side:
- moves upwards, backwards and laterally (back to normal position in glenoid fossa)

25
Q

What is the angle called from the resting position on the balancing side to the open position on the balancing side?

A

bennett angle (BG)

26
Q

What does the bennett angle measure?

A

how much the balancing side has moved forward and inward (medially)

27
Q

Who has a wider bennett angle?

A

elderly people with shallow teeth

28
Q

What is abnormal about the chewing cycle on the left?

A

lateral movement then downward movement

29
Q

What is abnormal about the chewing cycle on the right?

A
  • usually a dislocation in TMJ
30
Q

What do chewing cycle patterns vary with?

A

food consistency

quality and quantity of tooth contact

presence or absent of pain

31
Q

What can make a chewing cycle have a more vertical chewing stroke?

A

tall cusps and deep fossa

32
Q

What can cause a chewing cycle to be broader?

A

flattened or worn teeth

33
Q

What chewing cycle is present if there is pain?

A

shorter, slower and irregular pathway

34
Q

What is masticatory performance?

A

the ability to break down morsels into small particles

OR

the number of chewing strokes required to prepare a mouthful for swallowing

35
Q

What is masticatory performance correlated with?

A

correlated with total contact area

36
Q

What is the pink are?

A

occlusal contact area

37
Q

What happens when occlusal contact area drops to 20% ?

A

masticatory performance decreases drastically

38
Q

When does the occlusal contact area decrease to 20%

A

if the molars and premolars are lost

39
Q

What movements control mastication?

A

voluntary movements, reflex movements and cyclical movements

40
Q
A
41
Q

What is the seen on the EMG during slow closing phase?

A

the masseter EMG is even more active

42
Q

There is overlap between the slow closing and opening on the EMG, why is this?

A

smooth cyclical movements

otherwise very mechanical - open, close, open close…

43
Q

Is the slow closing EMG working harder of less hard than fast closing?

A

working harder than fast closing

44
Q

why is the slow closing working harder than fast closing? (EMG)

A

coming into contact with food more so than fast closing phase

teeth coming closer together

periodontal receptors

lip and mucosa receptors

muscle spindle receptors (contributing to jaw jerk reflex)

45
Q

What receptor is active during opening phase?

A

muscle spindle receptors

46
Q

What is the sequence of muscle activation in opening?

A

mylohyoid

digastric

lateral pterygoid

47
Q

What is the sequence of muscle activation in closing?

A

(lateral pterygoid also active)

temporalis

masseter

mal pterygoid

48
Q

How is the lateral pterygoid active during opening and closing?

A

2 heads, one attached to the neck of condylus and one to the cartilage

opening: lower belly is pulling down the neck of the condylar, assisting in moving the jaw downward and forward

closing: upper belly is active, is pully the disc down t keep it at the top front position of the condylar to stop it slipping backward

BDS2.5 Neurophysiology (4 decks)

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