neuroplasticity

Question 1

Neuroplasticity - ability of neuron to ? …

Answer 1

alter function, type and amount of neurotransmitter, structure

Question 2

Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity: 3 types ?

Answer 2

Habituation/ sensitization
Experience-dependent plasticity
Recovery or maladaptation after injury

Question 3

What is learning ?

Answer 3

Change in behavior as a result of acquiring knowledge
Process of acquisition

Question 4

what is memory?

Answer 4

Product of the process of learning and acquisition

Question 5

Motor learning ?

Answer 5

• “permanent” change in behavior
• Learn new strategies from sense and moving

Question 6

Performance ?

Answer 6

“Temporary” change in behavior

Question 7

Definition of nonassociative learning and 2 types

Answer 7

• Exposed to a single stimulus repeatedly
• Habituation
• Sensitization

Question 8

Def of associative learning and 2 types ?

Answer 8

• Learn to predict relationship
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning

Question 9

Classical conditioning ?

Answer 9

predict one stimulus to another

Question 10

Operant conditioning ?

Answer 10

predict behavior to a consequence

Question 11

Procedural learning ?

Answer 11

learn a task that can be performed automatically w/o attention/conscious

Question 12

Habituation

Answer 12

Decrease in response to a repeated, non-noxious stimulus.
After a break of stimulus, back to normal

Question 13

Short-term habituation

Answer 13

Reduce of excitatory neurotransmitter release
↓ intracellular Ca²⁺ → ↓ neurotransmitter release

Question 14

Sensitization

Answer 14

• Strengthening the response to a stimuli, usually a noxious stimulus
• Alter K+ conductance –> allow more neurotransmitter to be released

Question 15

Long term sensitization cause change in ?

Answer 15

• Alter strength of synapse
• Synthesis of new protein to build new synapse
• Growth of new synapse
• Modification of existing synapse

Question 16

Non-associative learning ?

Answer 16

Basically, an unconscious of response of a body to a stimulus

Question 17

Classical conditioning ?

Answer 17

• an initially weak stimulus become effect when paired with a strong stimulus after a long time

Question 18

Operant conditioning ?

Answer 18

• Trial and error learning
• Reinforce to strengthen behavior, rewarding, etc.
• Punishment to weaken behavior.

Question 19

Implicit procedural learning

Answer 19

• Result in implicit knowledge
• Acquisition of skills and habits
• Must be physically performed through “trial and error” practice
• Involve frontal and parietal cortices, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

Question 20

Declarative (explicit) learning

Answer 20

• conscious process
• involves information related to people, things, and place you have encountered
• Knowledge can be expressed in different form than how learned

Question 21

Long term potentiation (LTP) ?

Answer 21

• Similar to sensitization
• Occurs when a weak and a strong stimulus arrive to same region of post-synaptic dendrite
• Increased presynpatic neurotransmitter release

Question 22

Long term depression (LTD)

Answer 22

• Similar to habituation
• Active normal synapse change to silent/weak synpase

Question 23

Which brains structure is important for LTP and LTD?

Answer 23

Hippocampus and temporal lobe

Question 24

Associativity of explicit learning

Answer 24

Contributing fiber and post synaptic cells work together

Question 25

Cooperativity of explicit learning

Answer 25

Require > 1 neuron working together Presynaptic stimulation sometime pair w/ depolarization of postsynaptic

Question 26

Specificity of explicit learning

Answer 26

- Only synapses that highly active will exhibit LTP - Selective memory

Question 27

Level of attention order of learning

Answer 27

Cognitive > associative > autonomous

Question 28

Cognitive phase of learning

Answer 28

- Understand task, and develop strategy - Require "attention" (high level) - Reliant on sensory feedback - Performance has many "error and variability" - "Rapid" improvement

Question 29

Associative phase of learning

Answer 29

- Less motor planning. - Need executive functioning - "Trial and error period" - Trying new strategy - "Performance less variable, more accurate" - Slower improvement

Question 30

Autonomous phase

Answer 30

- More automatic - Less attention required - Increased accuracy, smoothness , and speed - Error detection present - Stable performance

Question 31

How is healthy adult in learning?

Answer 31

- Able to achieve new automatic simple, and complex motor skills, but require more practice

Question 32

What is the secondary effect to brain that is addition to cell death in oxygen deprivation after stroke or trauma?

Answer 32

Excitotoxicity

Question 33

Axonal injury process

Answer 33

- Distal segment starts Wallerian degeneration - Distal segment swell and break apart - Terminal degenerate and entire distal segment dies - Glial cells clean up area - Associated cell body degenerates thru central chromatolysis --> lead to cell death - Post synaptic cell may die also if most input is lost

Question 34

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 34

Axon degenerating and myelin sheath pulling away from axon

Question 35

Sprouting ?

Answer 35

new branch of intact axon or regrowth of impaired axon

Question 36

what are 2 types of sprouting ?

Answer 36

- Collateral - neighbor neuron reinnervates denervated axon - Regenerative - damaged neuron sends new sprout to new target due to original target damage

Question 37

how many mm a day axon can grow?

Answer 37

1mm

Question 38

synkinesis

Answer 38

Occasionally regrowth causes innervation of inappropriate target w/ temporary movt abnormalities

Question 39

Axonal injury in CNS

Answer 39

Most damage due to secondary cascading events: - in SCI/TBI, impair Na-Ca channels w/ influx of Ca - Axon swell and break - Proximal axon retracts - Distal axon undergoes Wallerian degeneration

Question 40

TBI from high velocity cause what ?

Answer 40

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) - tearing/stretching and disconnection of axons

Question 41

Neurite outgrowth inhibitor (NOGO) expressed in which cell?

Answer 41

Oligodendrocytes (NOT in schwann cell)

Question 42

What happens when cell body dies ?

Answer 42

neuron always dies w/ it

Question 43

Is axonal injury cause cell death?

Answer 43

May or may not - depend on level of damage

Question 44

Synaptic changes after injury

Answer 44

- Recovery of synaptic effectiveness - Denervation hypersensitivity (increase post-synaptic receptor) - Synaptic hyper-effectiveness (if some synaptic are damaged, remaining synaptic receive all neurotransmitter that are usually shared) - Unmasking/disinhibition of silent synapse

Question 45

Use it or lose it

Answer 45

Failure to drive a specific brain function --> lead to functional degradation

Question 46

Use it and improve it

Answer 46

Training that drives a specific brain function will enhance that function

Question 47

Time matters

Answer 47

Different form of plasticity occur at different time during training

Question 48

Salience matters

Answer 48

Training experience must be sufficient salient to induce plasticity

Question 49

Transference

Answer 49

Plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behavior