Neuroplasticity/Improving Motor Function Flashcards
(34 cards)
neuroplasticity
brain’s ability to reorganize neural connections and form new connections
occurs in response to training/practice and in response to an injury/disease
synaptic changes in neuroplasticity include:
neurogenesis - generate new neurons
new synapse formation
strengthening of synapses
weakening of synapses
neurochemical ways neuroplasticity takes place:
changing dendritic spines
membrane/ion channel properties
hormones
microglia
DNA transcription
NTs
Aspects of motor learning to enhance neuroplasticity
repetition - practice
neuroadaptive - continuously update activity so brain doesn’t attenuate to activity
engage attention with appropriate difficulty
rewarding - engage dopamine system and noradrenergic novelty system
components of task specific interventions
interventions designed to improve completion of a specific task
specific practice, high volume
change task and environment
vary difficulty and progress as able
motor control
ability to regulate movement mechanisms
second to second ability to control muscle
motor skill
body/head/limb coordination to achieve goal
requires control, coordination, and goal
motor learning
acquisition of skills necessary to plan and execute movement pattern for a task
motor control over time
open loop
movement schema
movement control center sends instructions to movement effectors/muscles with no feedback from effectors
decision to continue/terminate movement not based on feedback
closed loop
movement schema where movement control center sends movement instructions to effectors which send feedback to control center
control center sends info to start movement and relies on feedback to decide to continue/terminate movement
stages of motor learning
cognitive
associative
autonomous
cognitive stage of learning
1st understanding of task, develop strategies
requires lots of attn
requires feedback
“what” to do
associative phase of learning
select best movement strategy and refine skill
less attn required
“how” to do
cognitive phase of learning
automatic skill, low attn level requires
how to succeed
how should you make sure you are training a task to transfer to a person’s daily life?
make sure environment replicates home or daily environment, task is relevant
three levels of current neurorehabilitation interventions
1st: restorative interventions - restore optimal functional activity
2nd: functional training - using normal patterns to accomplish taks/motor learning strategies
3rd: compensatory interventions if severely impaired - use altered patterns/mechanics to promote optimal function using all available body segments
4 features of motor learning mechanisms
instructive
reinforcement
use dependent
sensorimotor adaptation
from highest to lowest cognitive load/attn level
instructive phase of motor learning
+ brain structure
requires external feedback on performance (knowledge of performance)
from prefrontal cortex
reinforcement phase of motor learning
requires knowledge of results feedback
basal ganglia
use dependent phase of motor learning
task specific massed practice
repeating task
motor cortex and spinal cord
sensorimotor adaptation phase of motor learning
sensorimotor prediction errors
detect errors and compare to predicted outcome
cerebellum
types of practice
massed/distributed - more practice than rest vs equal rest and practice
constant/variable - repetition of same task in same conditions vs variable conditions
blocked/random - perform one part of a task multiple times vs parts of a task in random order
whole/part - completing whole tasks vs in parts
guidance/discovery - providing feedback vs letting pt self correct
transfer of learning - changing environment or task
mental practice - envisioning action before completing
blocked practice schedule
practice a skill repetitvely
random practice schedule
practice various skills instead of focusing on one skill acquisition in a session
