neuropsychology Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
what brain regio is involved in alien hand syndrome
A
corpus callosum
2
Q
what is reverse engineering
A
checking the function of a region by removing it and measuring the effect on the rest of the system
3
Q
type of surgery in HM
A
removal of the bilateral medial temporal lobes to treat seizures
4
Q
CVA
A
cerebrovasculair accident
5
Q
stroke
A
an accident in arteries of the brain
6
Q
% ischemic infarction
A
80
7
Q
% hemmorage
A
20
8
Q
ischemic infarction
A
certain parts of the brain don’t get blood due to a blockage of the artery
9
Q
cause of ischemic infarction
A
atherosclerose (slagaderverkalking)
10
Q
two things that can happen with ischemic infarction
A
embolism and thrombose
11
Q
embolism
A
fatty clot pushed towards smaller vessel
12
Q
thrombose
A
stationary clot that becomes bigger
13
Q
hemmorage
A
Small arteries rupture and bleed into the brain tissue this interferes with the functioning of the system and the supply of energy and oxygen
14
Q
reason 1 hemmorage
A
because the walls of the blood vesselss are weak
15
Q
reason 2 hemmorage
A
aneurysm
16
Q
aneurysm
A
an abnormal swelling or bulge in the wall of a blood vessel, such as an artery.
17
Q
signs of hemmorage
A
slurred speech, loss of speech, left side of face stops working
18
Q
inject contrast fluid hemmorage
A
accumulated hemoglobins light up
19
Q
inject contrast fluid ischemic infarction
A
the water content of the affected brain tissue increasesresulting in a darker image. The contrast agent doesn’t go to the place of the infarction
20
Q
coup
A
damage at the site of impact
21
Q
contracoup
A
damage due to pressure from a coup pushes the brain to the opposite end or side of the skull
22
Q
open traumatic brain injury
A
more localized
23
Q
tumor
A
mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently
24
Q
cell types tumor
A
meninges and glia
25
benign tumor
meningiomas
26
malignant tumor
gliomas
27
worst tumor
glioblastoma
28
infection
invasion of the body by disease-producing micro-organisms and subsequent tissue reactions
29
how do infections kill neurons
1) interference with blood supply 2) disturb glucose or oxygen metabolism 3) alter cell membranes 4) form puss 5) cause edema
30
edema
fluid retention
31
neurodegenerative disorders
progressive loss of neurons and increasing impairments in one or more cognitive functions
32
athropy
decrease in size or wasting away of body parts or tissue
33
dissociation
one patients has a different problem than the other
34
Double dissociation
two patients with a opposite profile
35
single dissociation
patient is impaired on task A but spared on task B
36
classical single dissociation
only an impairment on one task, other one very normal
37
strong single dissociation
both tasks are impaired, but one more than the other
38
double dissociation
two tasks use separate neural resources
39
association of symptoms
patient is impaired on task A and B
40
association syndromes
a cluster of different symptoms that are believed to be related in some meaningful way
41
fractionation assumption
damage to the brain can selectively impair a cognitive function
42
transparency assumption
other cognitive functions at normal pre-injury levels of efficiency
43
universality assumption
all individuals share the same cognitive systems
44
group by syndrome
useful for investigating neural correlates of a disease pathology but nog for dissecting cognitive theory
45
group by behavioral symptom
can potentially identify multiple regions that are implicated in a behavior
46
group by lesion location
useful for testing predictions derived from functional imaging
47
diaschisis
brain damage can induce functional lesions at a distance
48
single case studies
important to determine what the components of cognitive systems are
49
group studies
important for establishing whether a given region is critical for performing a given task
50
aspiration
aspiration of brain regions using a suction device
51
transection
cutting discrete white matter bundles
52
neurochemical lesions
using toxins that kill the neurons
53
reversible lesions
using pharmacological manipulations or cooling to temporarily disrupt neural activity
54
mental representations
the way in which properties of the outside world are copied by cognition
55
neural representations
the way in which properties of the outside world manifest themselves in the neural signal
56
neural signal
action potential
57
single cell recordings
electrodes placed in or near a neuron measure number of action potentials per second
58
electro-encephalography (EEG)
electrodes placed on the skull measures summed electrical potentials from millions of neurons
59
action potential of signal neurons is
basis of neural communication
60
single cell recordings intracellular
small electrode implanted into axon
61
single cell recordings extracellular
small electrode implanted outside axon membrane
62
kinds of neural codes
1) local representation (grandmother cells), 2) fully distributed representation 3) sparse distributed representation
63
grandmother cells
each time you see a person the neurons get activated for this person (not a lot of neurons)
64
fully distributed representation
many neurons, all would be relevant to understanding who the person is
65
sparse distributed representation
in between some neurons are more important than others, might not just be a few neurons that represent the full knowledge of this person
66
rate coding
greater rate or response used to code information
67
temporal coding
greater synchrony of response used to code information
68
EEG temporal resolution
excellent
69
EEG spatial resolution
poor
70
ERP's
event related potentials
71
representational dynamics
use of multivariate statistics and machine learning to investigate how representations change across time
72
increased alpha frequency
linked to visual attention
73
increased gamma
linked to perceptual grouping
74
HZ
times a signal goes up and down in a minute
75
ERP
EEG signal is averaged over many events and aligned to some aspect of the event
76
mental chronometry
measuring the timing of cognition to infer its structure
77
N170
negative value specific for faces
78
CT
skull and bone visible, soft tissue not so
79
MRI
differentiate gray and white matter
80
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
81
VBM
voxel-based morphometry
82
voxel
smallest unit of measurement in MRI machine
83
DTI
diffusion tensor imaging
84
DTI measures
white matter organization
85
functional imaging
poor temporal resolution, good spatial resolution
86
PET
positron emmision tomography
87
peat measures
local blood flow
88
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
89
hemodynamic parameters
blood volume and oxygenation
90
linking structure to function
voxel based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging
91
fractional anisotropy
limited diffusion of water molecules in axons
92
PET uses
radioactive tracer injected into blood stream
93
PET temporal resolution
very slow
94
PET spatial resolution
effective around 1cm
95
fMRI signal
affected by the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood
96
BOLD response
blood oxygen level dependent contrast
97
change in BOLD response over time
hemodynamic response function (HRF)
98
HRF resolutions
limited temporal resolutions, high spatial resolution
99
cognitive subtraction
comparing relative difference in brain activity between two or more conditions
100
brain region is active when
it shows a greater response in one condition relative to the other (baseline)
101
functional connectivity with fMRI
correlations over time with posterior cingulate
102
PCC
posterior cingulate cortex
103
MPF
medial prefrontal cortex
104
IPS
intraparietal sulcus
105
cognitive neuroscience
relating the proporties of the underlying neuroscientific properties if the system to cognitive models of information processing
106
left space to right brain
everything we see from the left of what we look at goes to the right hemisphere and vice versa
107
quadrantanopia
only part of the fibers are damaged
108
damage to optic nerve before optic chasm
lose vision in one eye
109
optic chasm us cut
loose different part of the vision in both eyes
110
total damage of the optic tract
hamianophia
111
