Neuropsychology Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
Test test
What are the main categories of antidepressant?
A
TCAs, SSRIs, and MAOIs
2
Q
What does TCA stand for?
A
“Tricyclic Antidepressants”
One of the three main categories of antidepressant, along with SSRIs and MAOIs
3
Q
What class of antidepressants works by blocking the uptake of Serotonin and Norepinephrine?
A
TCAs
Fit with the catecholamine hypothesis
4
Q
What hypothesis may explain the effects of TCAs?
A
The catecholamine hypothesis
5
Q
What Hypothesis says that depression is caused specifically by low levels Norepinephrine?
A
The catecholamine hypothesis
6
Q
What does the catecholamine hypothesis state?
A
That depression is caused specifically by low levels of norepinephrine
May explain the effectiveness of TCAs
7
Q
In what two ways are TCAs generally less safe than SSRIs?
A
TCAs generally have
1) a higher toxicity (easier to overdose on), and
2) worse side effects
8
Q
Why must TCAs be prescribed with caution for individuals who have heart disease or are suicidal?
A
They have potential cardiovascular side effects and are highly toxic in overdose
9
Q
They generally have 1) a higher toxicity, and 2) worse side effects
A
How TCAs are generally less safe than SSRIs
10
Q
Which two classes of antidepressant are used for mainstream depression cases?
A
TCAs and SSRIs
11
Q
Which class of antidepressant is used for atypical depression cases?
A
MAOIs
12
Q
What does MAOI stand for?
A
“Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors”
13
Q
What three symptoms of depression are TCAs especially effective for?
A
Hopelessness Anhedonia Physical symptoms
14
Q
What Hypothesis says that depression is caused by low levels of both Norepinephrine and Serotonin?
A
The permissive hypothesis
15
Q
What does the Permissive Hypothesis state?
A
That depression is caused by low levels of both Norepinephrine and Serotonin
16
Q
How does the Permissive Hypothesis differ from the Catecholamine Hypothesis?
A
Permissive: depression is caused by low levels of both Norepinephrine and Serotonin Catecholamine: depression is caused specifically by low levels of Norepinephrine
17
Q
Which Neurotransmitter is associated with ADHD?
A
Dopamine
18
Q
Why is the Catecholamine Hypothesis associated with TCAs?
A
Because TSAs uniquely target Norepinephrine It also targets Serotonin (which would support the Permissive Hypothesis), but SSRIs target Serotonin too
19
Q
What Neurotransmitter is associated with Schizophrenia?
A
Dopamine i.e. the Dopamine hypothesis
20
Q
What hypothesis is the basis of second-generation antipsychotics?
A
That schizophrenia is caused by an imbalance between dopamine and norepinephrine levels
As opposed to the Dopamine hypothesis, which focuses only on the former
21
Q
What neurotransmitter is associated with both depression and chornic pain?
A
Norepinephrine
22
Q
Who should TCA’S not be prescribed for?
A
People who have heart disease or people who are suicidal.
23
Q
What drug is prescribed for enuresis?
A
Imipramine (TCA)
24
Q
What specific drug is used to treat OCD?
A
Clomipramine (TCA)
25
Which of the three classes of antidepressants treats premature ejaculation?
SSRI's
26
What type of antidepressant does not have anticholinergic effects?
SSRI's
27
confusion and memory impairment in older adults is a side effect of which antidepressant?
TCA'S
28
Examples of Anticholinergic side effects
dry mouth
constipation
urinary retention
blurred vision
29
TCA drug names typically end in...
"amines"
"tryptalines"
30
Three TCA drugs
Imipramine
Clomipramine
Amitriptyline
31
SSRI's uniquely treat these three disorders
Social Phobia
Binge eating
Premature Ejaculation
32
Within the antidepressant categories
TCA's uniqely treats these three disorders...
Enuresis (imipramine)
Agoraphobia
Chronic Pain
33
conduction apashia is caused by...
damage to nerve fibers (arcuate fasciculus) that connect Wernicke's area to Broca's
34
Anomia is
inability to recall the names of familiar objects
## Footnote
*(common with damage to Broca's area or damage to the arcuate fasciculus)*
35
A person with conduction aphasia **can** and **cannot**
can comprehend language and speak fluently
cannot repeat what they have heard and has anomia
36
37
Difficulties repeating what they have just heard is related to these areas of the brain...
Broca's area and arcuate fasciculus (conduction aphasia)
38
Research has identified brain abnormalities for OCD, Tourettes, ASD in these two brain areas
frontal lobes and basal ganglia
39
Exposure and Response Prevention is treatment for these anxiety related behaviors...
Specific Phobia,
Social Phobia,
Panic Disorder,
Agoraphobia,
Social Anxiety,
OCD,
40
Agoraphobia vs. Specific Phobia
Fear of not being able to escape vs. fear of the thing or situation itself
41
Systematic desensitization is treatment for
young children with separation anxiety
42
CBT used for treatment of
seperation anxiety for older children
GAD
Panic Disorder *(via panic control therapy)*
43
polythetic criteria
What the DSM-5 uses; Means you can have many but not all properties of a disorder to meet criteria
44
OCD prevalence in children by gender
higher in males than female children
## Footnote
*peak onset is age 6 to 15 in males*
45
OCD higher in males or female children?
Males; they have an earlier onset (age 6-15)
46
For females peak onset of OCD is
age 20 to 29
47
OCD prevalence rate is ______ among adult males and females
equal
48
Percentage of women who experience baby blues after pregnancy?
50-80%
49
Percentage of women who experience post partum depression?
10-20%
50
Insulin is released by the
pancreas
51
Hypoinsulin causes
diabetes mellitus (excessive blood glucose)
52
53
Diabetus mellitus symptoms included
1. increased appetite with weight loss
2. confusion and mental dullness
3. susceptibility to infection
54
Cushing's disease symptoms include
1. emotional lability
2. memory loss
3. depression
4. obesity
55
Cushing's disease is caused by...
secretion of too much cortisol
56
Hyperthyrodism can mimic these psychogenic symptoms
*Hormones*
mimic anxiety and hypomania
57
Hyperthyroidsim (grave's disease) is characterized by...
1. accelerated heart
2. agitation and nervousness
3. fatigue and insomnia
4. elevated body temp and heat intolerance
5. increased appetite with weight loss
58
Hypothyroidism is characterized by...
1. Slowed heart rate
2. depression, lethargy, decreased libido
3. impaired concentration and memory
4. reduced appetite and weight gain
5. lowered body temp
59
Adolescent-onset is when a teen has no symptoms of CD before the age of \_\_\_\_\_?
10 years old
60
Schizophrenia brain abnormalities involve the...
**increased volume** lateral and third ventricles
**smaller** amgydala and hippocampus
hypofrontality
61
ADHD brain abnormalities involve the...
PFC
Cerebellum
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
62
ASD brain abnormalities involve the...
cerebellum
corpus collossum
amygdala
63
"Recent" memories vs. remote memories in retrograde amnesia
Remote memories are intact while recent memories of learned information are not
64
Anterograde amnesia is the ability to remember
newly learned information
65
Thiamine deficiency
Common in Korsakoff's syndrome; cause anterograde retrograde (recently learned info) amnesia
## Footnote
*syn. is Alcohol-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder*
66
Damage to the temporal lobe causes...
severe anterograde amnesia,
auditory perception (not understanding what someone says),
changes in sexuality,
67
benzodiazepines end in ...
"pam" (ex diazepam)
## Footnote
*used to treat anxiety disorders*
68
Medications considered most effective at treating OCD
TCA's and SSRI's
69
Treatment for Parkinson's disease involves medication that does what to involved neurotransmitters?
**block** excess acetylcholine
**increase** levels of dopamine
70
Parkinson's disease is caused by
loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra
71
Before symptoms are present, Huntingtons disease can be idenitified by
MRI; reduced basal ganglia volume
PET scan of reduced metabolic activity
72
Weber's Law
Just noticeable difference is porportional to orginal stimulus
73
Fechner's law
Logarithmic relationship between psychological sensation and magnitude of physical sensation
*more accurate then Weber's law for extreme intensities*
74
Steven's power law
There is a exponential relationship between psychological sensation and mag. of physical stimulus AND exponent varies based on different stimuli
75
Second line treatment for ADHD
imipramine (TCA)
76
## Footnote
**apraxia**
inability to execute **purposeful** movement
*caused by damage to frontal or parietal lobes*
77
## Footnote
**akathesia**
motor restlessness and inability to sit still
78
## Footnote
**aphasia**
deficit in using or understanding language
79
## Footnote
**agnosia**
???
80
## Footnote
**anomia**
inability to recall the names of familiar objects
81
## Footnote
**ataxia**
incoordination accompanied by slurred speech
82
Frontal lobe damage is characterized by...
deficits attention, concrete thinking, free recall,
perseveration and stereotypy,
personality changes,
issues with arithmetic
83
Partial seizures commonly occur in which part of the brain?
Temporal lobe
84
Petit mal (absence seizures) occur in which part of the brain?
Thalamus (relay center for the brain)
85
Damage to the Broca's area results in...
expressing language
repeating what was said
86
Conduction aphasia
cannot repeat what one has heard
87
Wernicke's, Broca, and conduction aphasia all involve issues with...
repeating what is said
88
Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by
impaired comprehension of language
fluent aphasia (clear speech that does not make sense)
dysnomia (inability to name objects)
89
alternative medication to antipsychotics for treating Tourette's?
antihypertensive
*clonidine and guanfacine*
90
basal ganglia
controls voluntary movement
*part of extrapyramidal system*
91
Broca's area is located
Left frontal lobe
92
**Explicit** (**Declarative)** Memory
Long term memory that requires conscious thought
93
Implicit memory
long term memory that does not require conscious thought
learned by repetition (ex tying your shoes)
94
Two types of **explicit memory**
Episodic (autobiographical/movie of our life)
Semantic (textbook learning)
95
Two types of implicit memory
procedural
priming
96
Prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
97
ERT (estrogen replacement therapy) can help with ...
vaginal dryness
mood
risk for osteoporosis, Alzheimers, and heart disease
98
High levels of serotonin are associated with
## Footnote
**anxiety and appetite supression**
*starving gives low levels of serotonin which creates a sense of calm and control*
99
Low levels of serotonin are associated with...
Depression and Binge eating
100
An effective treatment for panic attacks is...
antidepressants
101
Damage to the left frontal lobe means
reduced speech
depression
apathy
102
Damage to the right frontal lobe means..
disinhibition
happy indifference
jocularity
103
The three-part **division of the brain** that is based on how the brain develops from different _brain vesicles_ in an _embryo_
*The **hindbrain**, **midbrain**, and **forebrain** scheme*
104
What three-part **division of the brain** is based on how the brain develops from different _brain vesicles_ in an _embryo_?
The **hindbrain**, **midbrain**, and _forebrain_ scheme
105
The **brain regions** that make up the _forebrain_
***Cerebrum**, _Thalamus_, _Hypothalamus_*
*These form from the **telencephalon** and the _diencephalon_, respectively*
106
What **brain regions** make up the _forebrain_?
The **Cerebrum**, _Thalamus_, and _Hypothalamus_
## Footnote
*These form from the **telencephalon** and the _diencephalon_, respectively*
107
The **midbrain**
* Forms from the **mesencephalon***
* Make up of the **tectum** and _tegmentum_*
108
What brain regions make up the hindbrain?
The **brain regions** that make up the _hindbrain_
* The **medulla**, **pons**, and _cerebellum_*
* Form from the **myelencephalon** and the _metencephalon_, respectively*
109
What **brain regions** make up the _hindbrain_?
The **medulla**, **pons**, and _cerebellum_
## Footnote
*Form from the **myelencephalon** and the _metencephalon_, respectively*
110
The two **regions** that make up the _midbrain_
* The **tegmentum** and the _tectum_*
* The _middle_ of the three **developmental regions** that the brain forms from in vertibrates*
* a.k.a. **mesencephalon**, from Greek "mesos" (_middle_) + "enkephalos" (_brain_)*
111
What two **regions** make up the _midbrain_?
The **tegmentum** and the _tectum_
## Footnote
* The _middle_ of the three **developmental regions** that the brain forms from in vertibrates*
* a.k.a. **mesencephalon**, from Greek "mesos" (_middle_) + "enkephalos" (_brain_)*
112
"Mesencephalon"
_Another_ term for the **midbrain**
From Greek "mesos" (**middle**) + "enkephalos" (**brain**). The middle of the three _developmental regions_ that the brain forms from in vertibrates
Made up of the **tegmentum** and the _tectum_
113
What is _another_ term for the **midbrain**?
"Mesencephalon"
## Footnote
* From Greek "mesos" (**middle**) + "enkephalos" (**brain**). The middle of the three _developmental regions_ that the brain forms from in vertibrates*
* Made up of the **tegmentum** and the _tectum_*
114
What broader **brain region** is the _substantia nigra_ located in?
The **midbrain**
* From Latin: **black substance***
* Helps control **movement**. Involved in _reward-seeking_ and addictive behavior*
* Degeneration of **dopamine-producing neurons** leads to _Parkinsons disease_*
115
116
**Dopamine** is **uniquely associated** with which disorder?
ADHD
117
**Norephinephrine** is **uniquely associated** with which disorders?
Mania
Panic Disorder
118
**Serotonin** is **uniquely associated** with which four disorders?
Bulimia
Anorexia Nervosa
ASD
OCD
119
Which neurotransmitter is **MOST OFTEN** used to treat **physical anxiety** symptoms?
GABA
120
Thyroxine is released by the...
Thyroid gland
121
Thyroxine regulates
metabolism
122
Hypothyroidism symptoms include
## Footnote
1. Slow metabolism (low appetite and weight gain)
2. Low heart rate
3. Low sex drive
4. Depressiona and memory challenges
123
Hyperthyroidism symptoms include
## Footnote
1. High metabolism (high appetite and weight loss)
2. High heart rate
3. Agitation, nervousness, anxiety
4. Low attention span
124
Insulin is released by which body organ?
Pancreas
125
Low levels of insulin means high levels of ?
Glucose
126
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
undersecretion of insuline--\> high levels of glucose
127
Symptoms of **diabetes mellitus** include...
* high glucose
* increased appetite with weight loss
* frequent urination and thirst
128
Symptoms of hypoglycemia include...
1. intense hunger
2. headaches and confusion
3. anxiety and depression
129
Cortisol is secreted by which gland?
Adrenal gland
130
Cortisol helps regulate...
blood glucose levels
131
Undersecretion of cortisol leads to...
* Fatigue
* Low appetite and weight loss
* irritability and depression
* dark pigmentation
*Addison's disease*
132
Oversecretion of cortisol leads to...
1. Obesity \*\*
2. Hypertension\*\*\*
3. Decreased memory
4. Decreased libido
*Cushing's disease*
133
What structures are in the **hindbrain**?
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerrebellum
134
What structures are in the **midbrain**?
Recticular Activating System
Substantia Nigra
135
What structures are in the **subcortical forebrain**?
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
136
What structures are in the **forebrain**?
**Cerebral Cortex**
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
137
Medulla oblongata
**"vital centers"**
(breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, coughing/swallowing, reflexive actions)
138
Pons
* arousal, sleep, respiration
* connects to cerebellum
* relays sensory and motor information
139
cerebellum
balance, coordination, movement, posture
140
Damage to the cerebellum results in...
**ataxia**
slurred speech, loss of blance, tremors
141
RAS
regulates sleep-wake transition
screens incoming sensory information
142
Substantia Nigra
helps control movement
143
degeneration of dopamine producing neuron's in the substantia nigra causes which disorder?
Parkinsons
144
This brain area is involved in reward seeking and addictive behavior
substantia nigra
(due to dopamine nuerons)
145
Hypothalmus is involved in...
* homeostasis and temperature
* motivated behaviors (drinking, sex, aggress)
* physical expression of emotions
146
What two structures are part of the hypothalamus?
suprachiasmatic nuclues
mamillary bodies
147
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
regulates circadian rhythms
*signals pineal gland*
148
Mamillary bodies involved in
memory
*damage to mamillary bodies and thalamus due to thiamine deficiency cases Korsakoff's syndrome (anterograde, retrograde amnesia and confabulation)*
149
Hypothalamus controls which nervous systems?
autonomic NS and endocrine system
*via the pituatary gland*
150
Nervous system
**Central**
(Brain-------Spinal Cord)
**Peripheral NS**
(Somatic -------Autonomic--para and sympt)
151
Thalamus
## Footnote
**central relay system**
*relays incoming sensory information to cortex (except olfactory)*
152
Basal ganglia includes what structures?
Caudate nucleus
globus pallidus
Putamen
153
Basal ganglia is involved in...
voluntary movement
expression of emotion
sensorimotor learning
154
Abnormalities in the basal ganglia linked to...
Tourette's
Huntington's and Parkinson's
Schizophrenia and OCD
ADHD
155
Limbic system is called the...
"emotional brain"
156
Structures in the limbic system include
amygdala
septum
cingulate cortex
hippocampus
157
Amygdala
* integrates and directs emotional rxns
* attaches emotions to sensory info
158
Damage to the amygdaly causes
a lack of fear
## Footnote
**Kluver-Bucy syndrome**
159
Septum
Inhibits emotionality
160
Damage to the septum causes...
"septal rage syndrome"
161
Cingulate cortex
regulates emotional responses and pain perception
162
hippocampus
memory and learning
*degeneration of Ach neurons causes Alzheimers*
163
Left Hemisphere dominates in
written and spoken language
logical/analyticals
positive emotions
164
Right hemishpere dominates in
spatial relationships
creative and holistic thinking
negative emotions
165
166
Imipramine is drug of choice for
nocturnal enuresis
*also alternative stimulant to treat ADHD*
167
People with OCD tend to have overactivity in this brain area
caudate nuclues
168
Overactivity in the RAS is associated with
attention and arousal
169
Split brain patients are able to reach for objects
on the opposite side of where the information is processed.
* left visual field info--pick up with left hand*
* right visual field info--pick up with left hand*
170
split brain patients are able to verbally identify objects
only when seeing it on their right visual field (left brain processed)
171
Parkinson's disease is caused by neural degeneration in what brain area?
substantia nigra
* results in loss of dopamine and deficits in movement control*
* leads to dopamine deficits in the basal ganglia--\>inhibits comm. to the thalamus and as such to the motor cortex--\>*
172
Which neurotransmitters are catecholamines?
dopamime
norepinephrine
epinephrine
173
which neurotransmitter is an indolamine?
serotonin
174
What percentage of the population is left-handed.
90%
175
What percentage of the population is right handed?
10%
176
\_\_\_\_% of right handers are left brain dominant (language processing)
95%
177
\_\_\_% of right handers are left-brain language dominant
60-70%
178
179
What structures are included in the mesencephalon (tegmuntum and tectum)
substantia nigra
inferior collicus
superior collicus
180
What medications are used to treat Depression?
TCA's
SSRI's
MAOI's
181
What medications are used to treat Anxiety?
benzodiazepines
SSRI's
barbituates
Azaspirones
182
What medications are used to treat Bipolar disorder?
Lithium
Antiseizure medication
183
What medications are used to treat Tourette's
comorbid with ADHD: Antihypertensives
w/o ADHD: Antipsychotics
184
What medications are used to treat Schizophrenia?
First generation antipsychotics
Second generation antipsychotics
185
the APOE4 gene on chromosome 19 is associated with which disease?
Alzheimer's
186
Central vision is processed...
in the posterior occipital lobe
187
Peripheral Vision is processed...
in the anterior peripheral lobe
188
NDRI are prescribed for
depression
distractibility
ex. Welbutrin (bupoprion)
189
NRI's are prescribed for...
ADHD (non-stimulant)
ex. Strattera
190
Drug name for Aricept
donepezil hydrochloride
191
drug name for Cognex
Tacrine hydrochloride
192
Examples of antagonist drugs
binds to site and blocks neurotransmitter action
naltrexone, beta-blocker, naloxone
193
Examples of agonists
opiates, cannabis, nicotine
194
Symptoms of NMS (neuroleptic malignancy system)
hyperthermia, altered consciousness, tachycardia, muscle rigidity, autonomic dysfunction
*occurs with antipsychotics/neurolepticsl withdrawal from parkinson medication*
195
Extrapyramidal effects are common with what **drug types**?
What are the **symptoms**?
common with antipsychotic use; includes parkinsomnism
muscle stifness, shuffling gait, slurred speech, akathesia (restlessness), and dystonia (muscle spasms)
196
Striatum holds the
caudate nuclues
putamen
*part of the basal ganglia*
197
Striatum and cerebellum is involved in...
motor activity
198
What part of the brain is the satisfaction center?
cingulate gyrus
199
which brain part inhibits emotionaliity?
septum
200
beta waves occur
when person is awake
201
delta waves occur
when someone is asleep
202
alpha waves occur
when a person is in a state of relaxed wakefulness
203
theta waves occur
between a state of wakefulness and sleep
204
Patient's with wernicke's aphasia are
**aware/unaware**
of their deficits?
unaware
205
In terms of production of language, Wernicke's apahasia is associated with
normal prosody, but speech is nonsense
206
Precentral gyrus--located in the parietal lobe is associated with
motor function
207
postcentral gyrus, in the parietal lobe is associated with...
numbness, contralateral neglect
208
mild tremor, diarrhea, weight loss
**are/are not**
anticholinergic effects
are not
209
confusion, impaired concentration,memory deficits,
**are/are not**
anticholinergic effects
are
210
dry mouth, constipation, blurry vision, increased heart rate, decreased sweating
**are/are not**
anticholinergic effects
are
211
212
**Kluver Bucy** syndrome is characterized by...
decreased fear and aggresion, increased acquiesance, hypersexuality
213
Kluver Bucy syndrome is caused by...
damage to the amygdala
