Neuroscience Flashcards
-Neuroanatomy -Neurophysiology -Neurotransmitters
1
Q
60 yo right-handed M, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left-sided hemi-neglect. Where is the lesion? (8x)
A
R Parietal Lobe
2
Q
66 yo with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx? (8x)
A
Lateral Medullary Stroke
3
Q
26 yo w/ HA and R-hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty w/rapid alternating movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger-to-nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI? (5x)
A
Cerebellum
4
Q
78 yo pt had an ischemic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also neglects the side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of the brain
likely affected by stroke? (4x)
A
R Parietal Lobe
5
Q
Adult neurogenesis happens in which area of the brain? (4x)
A
Hippocampus
6
Q
MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most likely exhibits: (3x)
A
Weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing of face and arm, with abulia
7
Q
Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6
months. Most likely a pathology in: (2x)
A
Frontal Lobe
8
Q
Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia: (2x)
A
Brain Stem Infarct
9
Q
In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens.
Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain? (2x)
A
Ventral tegmental area
10
Q
Orexin is made in what part of the brain? (2x)
A
Lateral hypothalamic nuclei
11
Q
Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces
(2x)
A
Amygdala
12
Q
Where does histamine synthesis happen? (2x)
A
Hypothalamus
13
Q
Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and also mediates addiction and associated behaviors/reinforcing? (2x)
A
Mesolimbic
14
Q
Neural plasticity is largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology of what cell structure? (2x)
A
Dendritic spines
15
Q
Which brain region does leptin work at?
A
Hypothalamus
16
Q
Oxytocin suppresses which brain region?
A
Amygdala
17
Q
Hypothalamus area for maternal behavior?
A
Pre-optic
18
Q
Cranial nerve for gag reflex and palette elevation
A
Vagal nerve
19
Q
Which of the following statements regarding the development of the CNS in the first 2 years of life is correct?
A
Motor cortex develops before sensory cortex
20
Q
Which of the following cortical regions is a key component of the salience network?
A
Anterior cingulate cortex
21
Q
Primary taste cortex in humans located in which cortical area?
A
Anterior Insular
22
Q
Initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires the corticostriatal system and what other system?
A
Corticocerebellar
23
Q
Reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment?
A
Declarative
24
Q
Histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nuclei?
A
Tuberomamillary
25
Pt receives neck manipulation, now has dysarthric speech, gait ataxia, numbness R body, neck pain. Dx?
Vertebral artery dissection
26
Which areas are connected by the stria terminalis?
Amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus
27
Wakefulness depends on whichi brain area?
Ascending reticular activating system
28
What forms the neural tube?
Ectoderm
29
rTMS for MDD targets which brain region?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
30
Neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?
Dentate gyrus
31
Which of the following is part fo the hippocampal formation: amygdala, septal area, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies?
Dentate gyrus
32
Bipolar has decr connectivity here:
Amygdala and PFC
33
Biogenic amine made in locus coeruleus
NE
34
CNS response to fear medicated by what structure?
Central nucleus of the amygdala
35
Behavioral and visceral responses in fear come from projections to the brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei from which of the following?
centromedial nuclei of the amgydala
36
CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen
Substantia nigra
37
Area of brain responsible for facial recognition
fusiform gyrus
38
Area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call
Dorsolateral PFC
39
Which part of the cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli?
Lateral orbitofrontal
40
Which circuit mediates the ability to resist responding to aggravating situations with hostility
orbitofrontal
41
the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum, and ____ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms
thalamus
42
Hyperactivity of orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus is what disorder?
OCD
43
The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cell?
endothelial
44
Dopamine neurons in what system are primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing?
mesocortical
45
Development of gray brain matter volume peaks at what stage?
Late childhood
46
In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis
Basal ganglia
47
Where are stem cells in the hippocampus for adult brains?
subgranular zone
48
65y pt has stroke that causes him to fall. On exam, weakness of R leg with only minor weakness of R hand, no weakness of face, no sensory deficit. Speech is not affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. Stroke most likely involves the
L anterior cerebral artery
49
Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head. This is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries?
Posterior cerebral
50
R-sided palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm, and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?
Posterior cerebral
51
Bilateral LE weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?
Anterior cerebral
52
Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a lacunar infarct where?
lateral thalamus
53
Blocking R posterior cerebral artery causes which visual disturbance?
L homonymous hemianopsia
54
Clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in which of the following?
Homonymous hemianopia with alexia without agraphia
55
28y cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs/feed, thigh, buttocks, abd. R leg is weak/clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking. Decr light touch, pinprick, temperature. Normal vibration and propioception. DTR hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decr strength in b/l LE but worse on R. Dx?
Anterior spinal artery infarction
56
Intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, and propioception but pt cannot recognize object based on touch. Which brain region affected?
Posterior parietal lobe
57
Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia, or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of?
L parietal cortex
58
Normal Romberg w/ eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnl?
Cerebellar vermis
59
Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI - hyperactivity in R temporal lobe. Damage is where?
Calcarine fissure
60
Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion where?
Posterior frontal lobe
61
Pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?
Bitemporal hemianopsia
62
Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?
Arcuate fasciculus
63
Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, h/a, mild facial weakness and ipsilateral limb ataxia is MC associated w tumors where?
Cerebellopontine angle
64
20y w 1 yr h/o bitemporal h/a, polydipsia, polyuria, bulimia plus 2-month h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal. Brain MRI will show?
Hypothalamic tumor
65
34y M is referred for psych eval 5y after head injury. Prior to accident, he was stable, happily married. Since accident, he is overly talkative, restless, divorced, and fired from his job (acting irresponsibly). Psychometric testing reveals average intelligence, no detectable memory deficits. Pt's clinical presentation is most consistent with damage to which brain area?
Frontal Lobe
66
Pt reports h/a and peripheral vision loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. MRI likely to reveal
Mass in sella turcica
67
Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?
Reticular formation
68
Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE & LLE. MRI most likely to show lesion where?
Subthalamic nucleus
69
Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which structure?
Anterior cingulate gyrus
70
Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and presents with horizontal and vertical nystagmus
brainstem
71
32y pt 1m h/o worsening h/a, episodic mood swings, occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile, and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where?
Temporal lobe
72
What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?
Diverse roles in movement, behavior, learning
73
Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat, w/o associated signs. Lesion location where?
Supramarginal gyrus or insula
74
Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what sxs?
Amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight
75
62y progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, & apathy. Autopsy most likely to show atrophy of
Frontal Lobe
76
Implantation of DBS electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson's. optimal location for electrodes?
Subthalamic nucleus
77
DBS in which brain structure is useful rx for primary generalized dystonia?
globus pallidus
78
Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?
Ventral striatum
79
How do cortical brain areas connect between the cerebral hemispheres?
Commissural fibers
80
The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?
anterior temporal and ventral prefrontal regions
81
What are the cortical columns?
Functional units for information processing?
82
Abnl emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons, and what?
cerebellum
83
Exposure to light affects which brain structure?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
84
Part of brain that makes circadian rhythms?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
85
When does synaptogenesis peak?
4y of life
86
Why does the brain rapidly incr in size from birth to 2 years old?
synaptogenesis of neurons
87
Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?
prefrontal cortex
88
Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?
Amygdala
89
Huntington's disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which NT?
GABA
90
17y evaluated for binge eating assoc w 60lb weight gain over past 4m. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts which structure?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
91
What is an accurate statement about the brain's default mode network?
Is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli
92
Most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:
synaptic pruning
93
Dorsal-lateral-prefrontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?
Working memory
94
Drug abuse activates these neuro circuits, generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to where?
Dopamine into the nucleus accumbens
95
95% of R-handed people develop L hemispheric dominance for language. What % of L-handed people develop L hemispheric dominance for language?
75%
96
Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?
Amygdala-Hyopthalamus-Periaqueductal gray
97
Area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive sets?
Dorsolateral
98
After middle age, what brain region has decr sleep spindle density?
frontal and occipital lobes
99
What neurodevelopmental process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?
synaptic pruning
100
Where in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
101
What sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?
Pain
102
Ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic
Working memory
103
Neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?
Affective processing
104
What type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?
Schwann
105
Brain region most closely associated with cortical processing of faces
L Parietal
106
This hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and brainstem
arcuate nucleus
107
What hormone is synthesized in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Neuropeptide Y
108
Brain region connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neuron system
Insula
109
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone is released from which brain region during stress?
paraventricular nucleus
110
Individuals with PTSD demonstrate low responses in what structures on functional imaging?
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
111
Thiamine deficiency is associated with changes in which structure?
Mammillary bodies
112
Diencephalon is a precursor to which brain structure?
Thalamus
113
Poor strategies for solving visuospatial problems such as following illustrations for assembling furniture involves which circuit?
Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit
114
Which hypothalamic nuclei affect puberty by pulsatile GnRH secretion?
Infundibular
115
Which of the following is a key part of the default mode network:
-medial prefrontal,
-anterior cingulate,
-dorsolateral prefrontal,
-ventromedial prefrontal,
-lateral posterior parietal
medial prefrontal
116
Brain structure implicated in maternal attachment
Amygdala
117
Pathway implicated in tardive dyskinesia
Nigrostriatal
118
Corticobulbar fibers run through which part of the internal capsule?
genu
119
Area that contains cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons
locus coeruleus
120
PTSD reduces brain volume of this region on MRI
Hippocampus
121
26y M with clumsiness & dizziness comes in for h/a, difficulty with rapid alternating movements of R hand, and overt intentional tremor with finger to nose. Structure most likely damaged on MRI?
cerebellum
122
Which brain lobe is responsible for initial detection of shape, form, and color?
temporal
123
Dopamine cell bodies are located where?
Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
124
Prenatal exposure to VPA causes defects in which stage of development of the nervous system?
neurulation
125
Brain region involved in working memory
Prefrontal cortex
126
Brain area inhibited in wakefulness
ventral lateral preoptic nucleus
127
Drugs of abuse that lead to addictive behavior activate which dopamine pathway?
mesoaccumbens
128
What brainstem area causes defensive behavior in response to threat?
dorsal periaqueductal gray
129
A brain region where adult neurogenesis occurs
lateral ventricle
130
Hyperactive DTRs are a sign of upper or lower motor neuron injury?
Upper
131
Which cell type secretes innate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFa and IL1B in pts with inflammatory conditions that affect the brain (x2)
Microglia
132
Cortical synaptic remodeling characteristic of normal adolescence is also believed to be associated w what neurobiological change (2x)?
Preferential loss of excitatory synapses
133
Disruption of cortical areas that form the salience network leads to impaired functioning
detection of relevant stimuli
134
relaxation state of biofeedback shows decreasing
skin conductance
135
How do inflammatory cytokines contribute to depression?
Incr serotonin reuptake transporters (opposite of SSRIs)
136
Which cells form neural circuits and scavenge for debris in the brain?
Microglia
137
Hormone released from adipose tissues, enters the brain and provides negative feedback/reduces food intake, regulates fat stores
Leptin
138
Where is ghrelin synthesized and released?
Enteroendocrine cells in the proximal small intestine and stomach
139
Process of calcium mediated long-lasting incr in AMPA receptor signal transmission
Long-term potentiation
140
What does the hypothalamus secrete when you are stressed?
Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH
141
The rapid learning demonstrated by children during the school-age is paralleled by neurodevelopmentally by which of the following brain processes?
Incr in white matter
142
The most important feature of postnatal brain development is an incr in what?
Number of dendritic and axonal processes
143
What occurs when the central nervous system responds to an acute cortical insult?
Microglia processes retract, and the cell body enlarges
144
Hormone released during sleep that doesn't have a circadian rhythm pattern
growth hormone
145
Neuronal plasticity for learning and memory is best accounted for by
Synaptic connectivity
146
Microglial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection is a positive or negative effect of the neuroinflammatory response?
Positive
147
Potent neuroprotective factor preventing neuronal cell death (apoptosis)
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide
148
What type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?
Nuclear
149
How estrogen modulates effects on neuroinflammation
Decr inflammatory cytokines
150
Relationship between estrogen and depression during menopausal transition?
Rapidity of change in estrogen corrected with the development of depression
151
Which of the following is in highest concentration in women: cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Dehydroepiandrosterone
152
What do you call a modulator that enhances receptor function when an agonist is present but does not directly activate the receptor?
Positive allosteric modulator
153
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor associate with reward properties of nicotine
alpha4beta2
154
What happens to LH levels in postmenopausal women?
It increases
155
Primary effect of inflammatory cytokines
Incr production of CRH
156
Decr in what immune factor has evidence in its role for MDD?
natural killer cell activity
157
Hormone associated with more and frequent eating
ghrelin
158
Role of dosolateral prefrontal cortex
Working memory
159
Function of protoplasmic astrocytes
Support of axons in white matter
160
Function of oligodendrocytes
Formation of myelin sheaths around CNS axons
161
DA release in what structure represents common final event associated w/ reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol (5x)?
nucleus accumbens
162
In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain? (3x)
Ventral tegmental area
163
Neurohormone for social bonding (3x)
Oxytocin
164
Hormone surge for orgasm (2x)
Oxytocin
165
Role of glycerine at NMDA receptor (2x)
Obligate coagonist
166
Which neurotransmitter system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents? (2x)
cholinergic
167
A compound that increases muscle mass by incr episodic secretion of GH (2x)
Gamma hydroxybutyrate
168
Which neurotransmitter is predominately inhibitory? (2x)
Glycine
169
Neurochemical that reinforces effects of drugs of abuse acutely (2x)
Dopamine
170
Decr level of what NT is most associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, poor impulse control, and affective aggression? (2x)
Serotonin
171
Name the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine (2x)
Tyrosine hydroxylase
172
Metabolite of what hormone modulates GABA-A, seen in depression (2x)?
Progesterone
173
NT that's downregulated in ventral striatum in someone with persistent pain (2x)
Dopamine
174
Pain by neurogenic inflammation is mediated by? (2x)
Substance P
175
There is incr activity of this substance in MDD regardless of treatment modality
BDNF
176
Cation antagonist at NMDA receptor
magnesium
177
Receptor critical for long term potentiation
NMDA receptor
178
Neuronal death caused by NMDA receptor stimulation is due to
Excessive calcium influx resulting in mitochondrial caspase activation
179
Blocking which neuropeptide receptor provides analgesia?
nociceptin
180
NT with highest affinity for human CB-1 receptor
Anandamide
181
How do steroids impact the hippocampus?
Decr AMPA glutamate signaling
182
Predominant site of endocannabinoid receptor CB1?
Presynaptic membrane
183
This peptide released into GI tract conveys feeling of satiety after food intake
Cholecystokinin
184
L-methylfolate helps with depression by increasing production of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by increasing what?
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
185
Moleculate mechanism for ethanol intoxication
NMDA antagonism; GABA agonism
186
IV ketamine is antagonism of which NT system
NMDA
187
Intubated, agitated patient with delirious sx. Which NT associated with AMS?
Acetylcholine
188
NT that stimulates AMPA receptors
Glutamate
189
NT in sleep-promoting neurons of ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
GABA-A
190
What NT system is involved in sexual arousal?
Dopamine
191
Highest concentration of 5HT producing cells in the brain
Raphe nuclei
192
DA and what else regulates reward circuitry?
GABA
193
Cerebellar purkinje cells release what NT?
GABA
194
NT precursor to melatonin?
Serotonin
195
What area of the body has the most serotonin?
GI tract
196
What NT have been associated with anxiety?
Norepinephrine
197
Positive allosteric modulators of NT-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?
Incr probability of opening in presence of a ligand
198
What are the major clusters of cell bodies containing serotonin in the brain?
Raphe nucleus in the brain stem
199
Principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of DA in prefrontal cortex?
Diffusion
200
Opiates inhibit cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in
Locus coeruleus
201
NT maintains consistent levels with age
Serotonin
202
Which NT are reduced in quantity, uptake and turnover in spasticity?
Glycine & GABA
203
The cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D-cycloserine treatment in pt's with schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA receptor activity by which of the following NT?
Glycine
204
NT assoc w/ reward & reinforcement in nicotine dependence
Dopamine
205
Prostaglandin D2 incr extracellular levels of
Adenosine
206
Which is a retrograde neurotransmitter?
Endocannabinoids
207
NT not stored in synaptic vesicles but made de novo
Endocannabinoids
208
Characteristics of ACh receptors in cerebral cortex
Both inhibitory and excitatory
209
Low CSF levels of this NT metabolites is associated with suicidality
5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid)
210
What is the 5HT3 receptor classification?
Ligand gated
211
Psych stress incr cortisol and prolonged cortisol is associated wtih bad outcomes. Stress also affects other hormones. Incr in which hormone is correlated wtih decr PTSD severity most likely due to hormone's anti-glucocorticoid properties?
DHEA
212
What hormone is diffused rather than directly released from vesicles?
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)
213
Activation of this receptor is likely responsible for anti-anxiety, motor-impairment, and sedative hypnotic effects of alcohol
GABA-A
214
NT regulating sleep and wakefulness
Histamine
215
During REM sleep what neuron ceases firing?
Histamine
216
What NT is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
Dopamine
217
Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase levels would affect what type of neurons?
Dopaminergic
218
Blockade of which receptor causes sedation and weight gain side-effects for antipsychotics and antidepressants?
Histamine
219
What NT present in the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in the mediation of pain?
Endorphins
220
What NT, IF dysfunctional, most replicates core sx of schizophrenia?
Glutamate
221
Which receptor does BDNF activate?
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
222
Orexin is associated with what basic function?
Sleep
223
Receptor class that characteristically has multiple protein subunits and is capable fo rapid response to generate synaptic energy potentials
Ionotropic
224
Neurotensin interacts with which NT system?
Dopamine
225
Serotonin subtype modulated by alcohol
5HT-3
226
Neuropeptide involved with panic disorder
Cholecystokinin
227
GABA-A receptor activation leads to what ion movement?
Cl- efflux hyperpolarizes the neuron
228
Ghrelin is synthesized and released primarily by what?
Stomach and small intestine
229
Ketamine's rapid antidepressant effect through this NT
Glutamate
230
Hormone involved in osmoregulation, food intake, and female sexual behaviors
oxytocin
