Neuroscience

Question 1

number of neurons

Answer 1

100 billion

Question 2

number of synapses

Answer 2

100-500 trillion

Question 3

quanta

Answer 3

release of NT packets

Question 4

neuronal noise

Answer 4

influence of trans membrane voltage of single neuron by other factors; random

Question 5

4 limitations of Libet experiment

Answer 5

delayed reporting; ahead decision present is a memory; free ‘won’t’ (Mele)

Question 6

3 sources of synaptic randomness

Answer 6

noise, quanta release, binding, AP arrival

Question 7

the more negative membrane potential, the more…

Answer 7

hyperpolarized/inhibited

Question 8

AP threshold

Answer 8

-50 mV

Question 9

resting potential

Answer 9

-70 mV

Question 10

statistical determinism

Answer 10

randomness but not predictable

Question 11

mirror neurons

Answer 11

fire when animal acts and observes same action performed by another; motor & touch neurons; in frontal lobes

Question 12

parts of brain that create empathy, emotion, and pro-social capacities (Panksepp)

Answer 12

limbic system, diencephalon, brain stem

Question 13

parts of limbic system (11)

Answer 13

cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation, hypothalamus, septal nucleus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamic nuclei, basal forebrain, olfactory system, subcallosal region, connecting tracts between these

Question 14

Hebbian synapses

Answer 14

hypothesis (proven) that repeated simtulation of post-synaptic cells (LTP) explains brain adaptation in learning

Question 15

brain maps

Answer 15

neurosci techniques used to see spatial areas of brain; study of anatomy and function of brain/spinal cord through imaging techniques

Question 16

brain modules

Answer 16

domain/spatially based and location specific areas of brain function (bad concept)

Question 17

seeking/expectancy system

Answer 17

Panksepp’s; deep source of selfiness; DA reward pathways essential role (mesolimbic pathway, mesocortical pathway, mesostriatial)

Question 18

prototype

Answer 18

associative learning and self-organization in network of neurons interconnected by Hebbian synapses where DA directs the flow of change

Question 19

septum pellucidum

Answer 19

thin sheet of nervous tissue connecting fornix to corpus callosum

Question 20

mamillary body

Answer 20

tiny nucleus acts as relay station, transmitting info to and from fornix and thalamus

Question 21

olfactory bulbs

Answer 21

connection of these structures with the limbic system helps explain why the sense of smell evokes long-forgotten memories and emotions

Question 22

amygdala

Answer 22

structure that influences behavior and activities so that they are appropriate for meeting the body’s internal needs. includes feeding, sexual interest, and emotional reactions like anger

Question 23

parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 23

helps modify expressions of emotionsl ike rage and fright

Question 24

cingulate gyrus

Answer 24

with parahippocampal gyrus and olfactory bulbs comprises limbic cortex, which mods behavior and emotions

Question 25

fornix

Answer 25

pathway of nerve fibers that transmits info from hippocampus and other limbic areas to the mamillary body

Question 26

midbrain

Answer 26

limbic areas influence physical activity via basal ganglia, large clusters of nerve cell bodies below cortex; limbic midbrain areas also connect to he cortext and thalamus

Question 27

hippocampus

Answer 27

curved band of gray matter involved with learning and memory, recognition of novelty, and recollection of spatial relationships

Question 28

supraoptic nucleus

Answer 28

secretes oxytocin

Question 29

paraventricular nucleus

Answer 29

secretes ADH

Question 30

pituitary gland

Answer 30

master gland; secretes hormones that affect other glands (endocrine glands)

Question 31

sella turcica

Answer 31

depression in sphenoid bone, containing pituitary gland

Question 32

hypothalamus

Answer 32

links nervous sys to endocrine sys via pituitary gland; involved in attachment and basic bodily functions

Question 33

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 33

surrounds frontal part of corpus callosum; regulates blood pressure and heart rate; involved in reward, decision making, and emotion (lights up with the right insular cortex when feel emotion and physical sensation)

Question 34

right insular cortex

Answer 34

active when we feel strong physical sensation and strong emotion; feeling of mind and body unite with anterior cingulate cortex also lights up

Question 35

dorsolateral PFC

Answer 35

have information consciously in mind; working memory; active when delib and make conscious choices

Question 36

ventromedial PFC

Answer 36

links emotion and cognition; important for moral decisions; conected to amygdala

Question 37

nucleus accumbens

Answer 37

both halves of brain have one; div into core and shell; key center of reinforcement through dopamine

Question 38

brain circuits that mix emotion and cognition (4)

Answer 38

right insular cortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex

Question 39

medial forebrain bundle

Answer 39

tract with fibers from olfactory, periamygdaloid, septal, & VTA; part of reward system, connecting tract

Question 40

meso-cortical pathway

Answer 40

connects VTA to anterior cingulate/gyri/PFC

Question 41

mesostriatal pathway

Answer 41

VTA to nucleus accumbens

Question 42

nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 42

substantia nigra to striatum