Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AnP I > Neuroscience I > Flashcards

Neuroscience I Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the general functions of the Nervous System?

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Communicative
  3. Integrative
  4. Motor
    so as to respond to internal and external stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the Nervous System structurally organised?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the CNS comprise of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the PNS comprise of?

A

12 pairs of Cranial nerves

31 pairs of Spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory bulb
  2. Optic nerve
  3. Oculomotor nerve
  4. Trochlear nerve
  5. Trigeminal nerve
  6. Abducens nerve
  7. Facial nerve
  8. Vestibulocochlear nerve
  9. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  10. Vagus nerve
  11. Hypoglossal nerve
  12. Accessory nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are the Spinal Nerves organised?

A 
8 Cervical nerves
12 Thoracic nerves
5 Lumbar nerves
5 Sacral nerves
1 Coccygeal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

Tailbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the PNS subdivided into?

A
  1. Afferent Division

2. Efferent Division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the Afferent Division do?

A

Carries info (sensory or visceral stimuli) to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the Efferent Division do?

A

Carries info from CNS to effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can the Efferent Nervous System be divided into?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS): voluntary control

2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): involuntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the SNS comprise of?

A

Fibers of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the ANS comprise of?

A

Fibers that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an autonomic nerve pathway consist of?

A

Two-neuron chain

  1. Pre-ganglionic neuron
  2. Post-ganglionic neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the Pre-ganglionic neuron do?

A

Synapses with the cell body of the postganglionic fiber in a ganglion outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the Post-ganglionic neuron do?

A

Sends axons that end on the effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the ANS?

A
  1. Sympathetic Innervation

2. Parasympathetic Innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Dual Innervation?

A

Innervation of a single organ by both branches of the ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When does Sympathetic Dominance occur?

A

In ‘fight-or-flight’ response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does Parasympathetic Dominance occur?

A

In ‘rest-and-digest’ response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the one Gland that only is innervated by Parasympathetic division?

A

Lacrimal Gland (Tears)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Heart?

A

(Sympathetic) Increase HR + force of contraction

(Parasympathetic) Decrease HR + force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Blood Vessels?
(Sympathetic) Constricts | (Parsympathetic) Dilates vessels to clit & penis only
26
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Lungs?
(Sympathetic) Dilates bronchioles + Inhibits Mucus Secretion | (Parasympathetic) Constricts bronchioles + Stimulates Mucus Secretion
27
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Digestive Tract?
(Sympathetic) Decreases motility + Contract Sphincters + Inhibits digestive secretions (Parasympathetic) Increases motility + Relaxes Sphincters + Stimulate digestive secretions
28
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Urinary Bladder?
(Sympathetic) Relaxes | (Parasympathetic) Contracts
29
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Eye?
(Sympathetic) Dilates Pupils + Contract Radial muscles + Far Vision (Parasympathetic) Constricts Pupils + Relaxes Radial muscles + Near Vision
30
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Liver & Adipose Cells?
(Sympathetic) Glycogenolysis+ Lipolysis
31
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Exocrine Glands?
(Sympathetic) Inhibits pancreatic secretion + Stimulates secretion by sweat glands + Small vol of saliva (Parasympathetic) Stimulates pancreatic secretion + Large vol of saliva
32
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Endocrine Glands?
(Sympathetic) Epinephrine + Norepinephrine + Glucagon | (Parasympathetic) Insulin + Glucagon
33
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Genitals?
(Sympathetic) Controls Ejaculation & Orgasmic Contractions (Parasympathetic) Controls Erection
34
What is the effect of both ANS stimulation on the Brain?
(Sympathetic) Increase Alertness
35
What are the 2 types of effects of the ANS?
1. Inhibitory | 2. Excitatory
36
How is the CNS divided?
1. Grey Matter | 2. White Matter
37
What is Grey Matter?
Generic Term for collection of CNS cell bodies (soma)
38
What is White Matter?
Generic term for collection of CNS axons
39
What are the major features that protect the brain from injury?
1. Cranium and Vertebral Column 2. Meninges 3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 4. Blood-brain Barrier (BBB)
40
What are the 3 Meningeal Membranes?
1. Outer Dura Mater 2. Middle Arachnoid Mater 3. Inner Pia Mater * subarachnoid space between 2 & 3
41
What are the functions of the 3 meningeal membranes?
Wrap, protect and nourish CNS
42
What is the Cranial Meninges continuous with?
Spinal Meninges
43
What is the CSF?
Shock absorbing fluid surrounding and cushioning the brain and spinal cord
44
What does the brain float in?
Its own special CSF
45
What is the CSF formed by?
Choroid plexuses in ventricles (brain) - 2 Lateral, 3rd and 4th
46
What are the functions of the CSF?
1. Supports Brain 2. Cushions delicate Neural Structures 3. Transport nutrients, chemical messengers and wasted products
47
What are the processes the CSF and Meninges undergo?
1. Produced by Ependymal Cells of Choroid Plexuses 2. Circulate throughout Ventricle 3. Exit 4th Ventricle 4. Flow in Subarachnoid space 5. Reabsorb into venous bloodp
48
What is the name of the process through which CSF is collected?
Lumbar puncture (lumbar tap, spinal tap)
49
Where is the CSF collected from?
Subarachnoid space
50
What is the BBB formed by?
Network of tight junctions between Endothelial cells of CNS capillaries
51
What does a highly-selective BBB do?
Regulate exchanges between blood and brain
52
Does the BBB limit the use of drugs for treatment of CNS؟
Yes
53
What are the factors that the brain mainly depend on?
Delivery of Oxygen and glucosr
54
What does the brain only utilise but not store?
Glucose
55
How many percentage of body weight is the CNS?
2%
56
How many percentage of the CO is supplied to CNS?
13-15%
57
What happens when a person is oxygen-deprived?
Brain damage
58
What are the general functions of the CNS?
1. Subconsciously regulate homeostatic responses 2. Experience emotion 3. Voluntarily control movements 4. Perceive body and surroundings 5. Engage in higher cognitive processing
59
What are the main components of the brain?
1. Brain Stem 2. Cerebellum 3. Forebrain (Diencaphalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus) 4. Cerebrum (Basal Nuclei, Cerebral Cortex)
60
What is the function of the Cerebral Cortex?
1. Sensory perception 2. Voluntary movement 3. Language 4. Personality traits 5. Sophisticated mental events
61
What is the function of the Basal Nuclei?
1. Inhibition of muscle tone 2. Slow, sustained movement 3. Suppression of useless movements
62
What is the function of the Thalamus?
1. Relay station for all sensory input (except for smell) 2. Sensation 3. Consciousness 4. Motor control
63
What is the function of the Hypothalamus ?
1. Regulation of homeostatic functions 2. Link between NS and Endocrine systems 3. Emotion and behavioural patterns 4. Sleep-wake cycle
64
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
1. Balance 2. Enhancement of muscle tone 3. Skilled voluntary movement
65
What is the function of the Brain Stem?
1. Origin of most peripheral cranial nerves 2. Muscle reflexes involving equilibrium and posture 3. CVS, Digestive and RS control centers 4. Reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord (arousal and activation of cerebral cortex) 5. Sleep-wake cycle
66
What are the four pairs of lobes in the Cerebral Cortex?
1. Prefrontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4. Temporal Lobe
67
What is the Prefrontal lobe associated with?
Complex, cognitive, decision making, personality, social behaviour
68
What is the Temporal lobe associated with?
Memory formation
69
What is the Parietal lobe associated with?
Somatosensory processing
70
What is the Occipital lobe associated with?
Visual
71
What is the Central Sulcus associated with?
Motor functions
72
Where is the Central Sulcus located?
Between the Frontal and Parietal lobes
73
What is a somatotopic map?
Relative proportion of somatosensory cortex devoted to reception of sensory input from each area
74
What is the Spinal Cord?
Long, slender tissue that extends from brain stem through the vertebral canal. It is connected to spinal nerves and enclosed by the protective vertebral column.
75
How is the Spinal Cord arranged?
White matter is organised into tracts (bundle of nerve fibers with similar function)
76
How is the arrangement of White and Grey matter for the Brain and Spinal Cord?
(Brain) Inside: White, Outside: Grey | (Spinal Cord) Inside: Grey, Outside: White
77
What are Dermatomes?
Area of skin supplied by one spinal cord level, or one side, by a single spinal nerve
78
What is the Clinical Significance of Dermatomes?
1. Localise lesions to specific spinal level | 2. Useful in neurological examination
79
What are Myotomes?
Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord, or on one side, by a single spinal nerve
80
What is the Clinical Significance of Myotomes?
Testing movement at successful shoulder joints to determine spinal nerve or localised lesions
81
What is the Anterior Ramus associated with?
The Ventral root carrying Motor information away from the CNS to effectors
82
What is the Posterior Ramus associated with?
The Dorsal root carrying Sensory information to the CNS
83
What are the types of Nerve Plexuses?
1. Somatic | 2. Visceral
84
What do Nerve Plexuses do?
Combine fibers from different sources of to form new nerves with specific targets or destinations
85
What is the benefit of Nerve Plexuses?
Damage to a single spinal nerve is less likely to result in total paralysis of a muscle innervated by nerves of the plexus
86
What are the main Somatic Plexuses?
1. Cervical plexus (C1 - C4) 2. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) 3. Lumbar plexus (L1- L4) 4. Sacral Plexus (L4 - S5)
87
What are the Somatic Plexuses associated with?
Anterior Rami
88
What are the main Visceral Plexuses?
1. Cardiac plexus 2. Esophageal plexus 3. Thoracic aortic plexus 4. Prevertebral plexus

AnP I (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions