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Semester 2 Biology Revision > Neuroscience Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a disease?

A

A particular distinctive PROCESS in the body with a SPECFIC cause and CHARACTERISTIC symptoms.

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2
Q

What is a disorder?

A

IRREGULARITY, DISTURBANCE or INTERRUPTION of a NORMAL function.

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3
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease also known as?

A

HUNTINGTON CHOREA

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4
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease associated with?

A

Abnormal and involuntary movements.

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5
Q

Approximately how many people does Huntington’s Disease effect? Who does it affect?

A

1/15,000- 1/30,000

Men and Women affected equally.

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6
Q

What is the average age of onset for Huntington’s Disease?

A

37 years old.

Between ages 30-50.

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7
Q

What does Huntington’s Disease affect?

A

Mood
Personality
Cognition
Movement.

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8
Q

What type of disorder is Huntington’s Disease? So it effects?

A

Genetic Disorder.

Autosomal Dominant so one copy of mutant gene and one normal gene on the pair of chromosomes.

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9
Q

In Huntington’s Disease what percentage is expressed in phenotypes of individuals carrying it?

A

100%

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10
Q

What is the most common form of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Dementia

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11
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

The disease is where there is a LOSS of neurons in the brain which is characterised by PLAQUES and TANGLES.

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12
Q

The lost of ___________ is a core feature in Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Memory

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13
Q

How many people in the UK have Dementia right now?

A

850,000

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14
Q

How many individuals over the age of 65 and over the age of 80 have dementia right now in the UK?

A

Over 65- 1/ 14

Over 80- 1/6

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15
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

The DEGENERATION of DOPAMINERGIC neurons of the nigro- striatal tract (part of the basal ganglia).

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Parkinson’s disease? (3)

A

Slowness of Movement (Bradykinesia)
Temor
Rigidity.

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17
Q

What is Bradykinesia?

A

Slowness of Movement

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18
Q

What other disease is strongly associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dementia

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19
Q

For Parkinson’s disease what age is considered as early onset?

A

Under age of 50.

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20
Q

What are the 2 other names for Motor Neurone Disease?

A

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)

LOU GEHRIG’S DISEASE

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21
Q

What is the most common sub type of Motor Neurone Disease?

A

ALS

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22
Q

What percentage of Motor Neurone Disease occurs within families?

A

10%

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23
Q

What is Motor Neurone Disease?

A

DEGENERATION of MOTOR NEURONS

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of Motor Neurone Disease?

A

Loss of Muscle Control.

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25
Since symptoms for Motor Neurone Disease are progressive what will this eventually effect?
Eventually affect breathing.
26
With Motor Neurone Disease, what parts of the body are usually unaffected?
Sense | Mind
27
What is the lifetime risk for Motor Neurone Disease?
1/300
28
What age is most common for Motor Neurone Disease to occur?
Over 50 but can occur at any age.
29
What is a Stroke?
Loss of Blood supply to a region in the brain.
30
What are the core symptoms of a stroke?
FAST- Face, Arms, Speech and Time,
31
What is an Ischemic Stroke?
Blood clot BLOCKS blood vessels.
32
What does ischemia mean?
INADEQUATE blood supply.
33
What is an Haemorrghaic stroke?
Blood vessel suppling the brain has BURST.
34
According to the NHS what percentage of strokes are Ischemic?
85%
35
What is a traumatic brain injury?
Damage to the brain caused by IMPACT, INJURY or VIOLENT movements.
36
For a traumatic brain injury different regions of the brain are effect depending on what?
Damage to the brain caused by IMPACT, INJURY or VIOLENT movements.
37
What is the Glasgow Coma scale?
Rates Levels of CONSCIOUSNESS.
38
On the Glasgow Coma Scale what is a score which is considered as severe?
15.9 or under.
39
What is a Spinal Cord injury?
Spinal cord injury is DAMAGE to the SPINE.
40
For a Spinal Cord injury what do the symptoms depend on? On the spinal cord where are the most problems?
on what point of the spine is injured depends on the symptoms. The HIGHER UP the injury the more systems which are affected.
41
What is a complete Spinal Cord injury?
All feeling and all abilities to control movement below the site of the injury are LOST.
42
What is an incomplete Spinal Cord injury?
Individual retains some feeling below the site of injury.
43
What is peripheral neuropathy?
DAMAGE to PERIPHERAL nerves.
44
What is peripheral neuropathy caused by?
Diabetes | Injury/ Accident.
45
Peripheral neuropathy is common in injuries over what age? What percentage of this age group equates for all peripheral neuropathy injuries?
Over age of 55. | 10%
46
What are the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy?
NUMBNESS TINGLING PAIN in affected areas
47
What are the symptoms of Major Depression?
DEPRESSED MOOD, HYPERSOMNIA/ INSOMNIA ANHEDONIA (Loss of pleasure) LOSS of MOTIVATION/ ENERGY
48
To be diagnosed with major depression how long should symptoms present themselves for?
Most days for more than 2 weeks.
49
What are the treatments for Major Depression?
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPHY | COUNSELLING ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS
50
What is anhedonia?
Loss of Pleasure.
51
Name 3 types of anxiety disorder:
* GENERALISED anxiety disorder. * PANIC disorder. * OBESSIVE COMPULSIVE disorder.
52
What are Anxiety disorders?
PERSISTENT and/or EXCESSIVE feelings of anxiety to an extent where it impacts upon a person’s ability to function.
53
What is Biopolar disorder?
Phases of DEPRESSION which are combined with phases of “MANIA."
54
In Biopolar disorder manic episodes can include what?
``` High levels of ACTIVITY GOAL- ORIENTATED/ UNFOCUSED DISTRACTIBLE RACING THOUGHTS HIGHLY TALKATIVE. ```
55
What is Biopolar disorder also known as?
MANIC DEPRESSION.
56
When is the onset for Schizophrenia?
Adolescence/ Early Adulthood.
57
What is Psychosis?
Condition where thoughts/ feelings are affected.
58
What is the Psychosis for Schizophrenia?
HALLUCINATIONS/ DELUSIONS.
59
What does Schizophrenia effect?
Disorganised speech/ behaviour. | Cognitive Symptoms- Attention/ Working Memory
60
What is Schizophrenia NOT?
Multiple personality disorder
61
What is multiple personality disorder called?
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER.
62
What type of condition is myasthenia gravis?
Autoimmune Condition.
63
What happens in myasthenia gravis?
Patients ANTIBODIES attach the ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS at the neuromuscular junction.
64
In Myasthenia gravis what happens to symptoms?
Long term. | Patients improve/ worsen.
65
What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
DROOPED EYELIDS SLURRED SPEECH DOUBLE VISION WEAKNESS in ARMS/ LEGS
66
What is meningitis?
INFLAMMATION of the MENINGES surround the brain.
67
How is meningitis caused?
By different organisms including viruses, bacteria and fungi
68
What is more serious bacterial or viral meningitis?
Bacterial Meningitis.
69
What percentage of bacterial cases are fatal?
10%
70
What are meningitis symptoms?
STIFF NECK Dislike of BRIGHT LIGHTS, HEADACHE RASH VOMITING
71
What can meningitis lead to?
SEPTICAEMIA | SEPSIS
72
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
AUTOIMMUNE disorder when MYELINATION of CENTRAL nerves is targeted.
73
When does Multiple Sclerosis develop?
Lifelong condition- EARLY ADULTHOOD
74
What are the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
FATIGUE BLURRED VISION Difficulty with MOVEMENT, BALANCE and COORDINATION.
75
What is Guillain- Barré syndrome?
AUTOIMMUNE disorder when MYELINATION of PERIPHERAL nerves is targeted.
76
What are the milder symptoms of Guillain- Barré syndrome?
AUTOIMMUNE disorder when MYELINATION of PERIPHERAL nerves is targeted.
77
What are the more serve symptoms of Guillain- Barré syndrome?
MUSCLE WEAKNESS PINS and NEEDLES PAIN
78
How is Guillain- Barré syndrome triggered?
By infection.

Semester 2 Biology Revision (5 decks)

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