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PSYCH 325 > Neuroscience Quiz > Flashcards

Neuroscience Quiz Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Grey matter corresponds to…

A

Cell Bodies

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2
Q

White matter correspond to…

A

Axons

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3
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

Ventricles
Thalamus
Putamen
Caudate Nucleus
Brainstem
Pons
Hippocampus
Amygdala

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4
Q

Network of blood vessels that line the ventricles and produces CSF

A

Choroid Plexus

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5
Q

T or F: Injection into the ventricles allow spread and diffusion throughout the brain (intracerebroventricular injection)

A

True

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6
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

attention, executive functions (planning, decision making), impulse control, personality

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7
Q

True or False: Humans have a small frontal lobe relative to other mammalian species

A

False: Humans have a large frontal lobe

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8
Q

________ particularly challenging for prefrontal cortex

A

Translation

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9
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

processing somatosensory, includes touch, pain, temperature, and the sense of limb position

integrates information from different modalities

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10
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision, depth perception, colour recognition

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11
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

episodic memories, integrating memories with sensations of taste, sound, sight, and touch

hearing

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12
Q

True or False: All of these lobes work together for memory

A

True

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13
Q

Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure

A

the most prominent sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the human brain. The lateral sulcus is a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal

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14
Q

Central Sulcus

A

a prominent groove on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes. It plays a crucial role in defining the primary motor cortex anteriorly and the primary sensorimotor cortex posteriorly.

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15
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and posture

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16
Q

True or False: In humans, the corpus callosum consists of about 200 million axons making it the most prominent fibre tract within the central nervous system

A

True

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17
Q

What is the importance of the corpus callosum

A
  • connects the left and right hemisphere
  • important inter hemisphere connections
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18
Q

Why should we care about lobe functions?

A

Frontotemporal dementia
- taupathy like Alzheimer’s disease
- behavioural variant
- affects behaviour, judgment, and personality

  • primary progressive aphasia
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19
Q

Primary Progressive Aphasia

A
  • aphasia = difficulty communicating
  • affects the ability to speak
  • affects the ability to use and understand language
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20
Q

If tau tangles and neurodegeneration are occurring in the temporal
lobe, what is likely causing the dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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21
Q

If tau tangles and neurodegeneration are occurring in the frontal
lobe, what is likely causing the dementia?

A

Frontotemporal Dementia

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22
Q

Are brain cells, neurons, and nerve cells often referring to
the same type of cell?

A

yes

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23
Q

Does the brain have other types of cells

A

Yes

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24
Q

True or False: The brain is made up more of neurons than glial cells

A

False: the brain is made up of more glial cells than neurons

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25
Glial Cell Types
Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglial Cell Glial Stem Cell Oligodendrocyte Precursor ----> myelinating oligodendrocyte
26
What is the main function of microtubules in neurons?
Provides structural integrity for the cell and acts as a conveyor belt
27
Cell Organelles
Ribosomes Mitochondria Mictrotubules
28
Ribosomes
- manufacture products such as neurotransmitters, which are secreted by the cell
29
Mitochondria
- the power source for the cell - they produce energy in the form of ATP, which is necessary for cell function and survival
30
Microtubules
- provide structural integrity for the cell - acts as a conveyor belt system to move ribosomal products and other substances within the cell
31
Alzheimer's Disease
- Tau is a microtubule-associated protein - coded by the MAPT gene - Tau's primary role is to maintain the stability of microtubules in axons - in AD, tau aggregates inside the neurons as tangles UNDERSTANDING MICROTUBULES HELPS UNDERSTAND TAU PROTEINS
32
_____ carry information from PNS to CNS
Sensory neurons
33
_____ transmit signals from CNS to PNS
Motor Neurons
34
A lumbar puncture may be done to diagnose a condition
- a hollow needle is inserted into subarachnoid space in the lower back to withdraw cerebral spinal fluid - Amyloid-beta, tau, neurofilament light, prions (e.g., Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease)
35
Interconnectedness of sensory and motor control and learning and memory
Tests of learning and memory in humans and animal models rely on communicating sensory and motor information (indirect method) - learning and memory cannot be measured directly
36
When using memory tests in humans or animals, always consider the explanations for an _________
incorrect response
37
True or False: It’s also important to recognize the differences between humans and our model systems
True
38
What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
- a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that prevents solutes in the circulating blood from crossing into the central nervous system - protects brain from virus, virals, drugs
39
There are _________between neighbouring endothelial cells
tight junctions
40
Why is understanding the blood brain barrier important?
- drugs to treat neurological diseases, need to be able to cross the blood brain barrier or need to be administered directly into the brain - Pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungus) have been hypothesized to contribute to certain types of dementia * BBB is weakened in some neurodegenerative diseases * The BBB has a circadian clock (penetrability changes with time of day)
41
Glympahtic Clearance
run by glial cells to help connective flow of CSF in brain
42
Specialized neurons important for spatial memory
- place cells - grid cells
43
are active in different locations and the combination of activity in many place cells creates an internal neural map representing a particular environment (O’Keefe, 1976)
Place Cells
44
fire at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction
Grid cells
45
Neurotransmitters
look at the chart
46
Structure of Neurons
Cell body (which contains the nucleus) Dendrites Axon Axon Terminals
47
True or False: Neurons are connected in networks and serve many functions
True
48
A neuron is:
input integrative conductive-output representation
49
Input
An input device that receives chemical and electrical messages from other neurons
50
Integrative
an integrative device that combines messages received from multiple inputs
51
Conductive-output
a conductive output device that sends information to other neurons, muscles, and organs
52
Representation
a representation device that stores information about past experiences as changes in synaptic strength
53
What part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons?
dendrites
54
What part of the neuron sends signals to other neurons?
Axons
55
A brain's fire of memory
Memories from the brain’s view are the changes in the connectivity among a collection of neurons responding to a particular experience.
56
True or False: Changes are localized to some dedicated storage area but are distributed throughout the neural systems engaged by the memory-producing event
False: Changes are not localized to some dedicated storage area but are distributed throughout the neural systems engaged by the memory-producing event.
57
Donald Hebb
proposed that modified ensembles of neurons that he called cell assemblies could provide a substrate for memories. His idea remains relevant today.
58
Cell Assembly
Sensory inputs into a distributed set of weakly connected (dashed lines) collection of cell assemblies… ---> …change the strength of connections among the neurons (solid lines) in the assemblies.
59
Hebb pt 2
Donald Hebb also proposed a rule to specify how synaptic connections can be modified: Cells that fire together wire together
60
Long-Term Potentiation
* Connections between neurons are changed when the synapse that link them are modified. * Neurobiologists want to understand how these modifications occur. * This is a daunting task because it requires locating the neurons that compose the assemblies that support the memory trace (also called an engram) and their sensory inputs. * The discovery of long-term potentiation (LTP) provided a methodology that simplified the task.
61
Bliss and Lomo
* Bliss and Lømo discovered LTP by stimulating (SE) the perforant path and recording (RE) in the dentate gyrus. SE = stimulating electrode RE = recording electrode
62
How did Bliss and Lomo discover LTP
* They first applied a weak stimulus (WS) to the perforant path and measured synaptic activity. * They then applied a strong stimulus (SS) to the perforant path. It evoked more synaptic activity than the weak stimulus. * In addition, the strong stimulus produced an enduring increase in the synaptic response to the WS. This enhanced response is called long-term potentiation (LTP).
63
Prior to establishing LTP, a weak test stimulus (small arrows) is repeatedly presented to establish a baseline.
- A stronger stimulus (large arrow) is then presented to induce LTP. - The weak test stimulus is then presented to determine if the synapse was potentiated. LOOK AT SLIDES
64
The test stimulus serves two functions
1. It establishes a baseline. 2. It also helps determine if the inducing stimulus produced LTP–resulted in the test stimulus producing a larger response.
65
A synapse is composed of...
* presynaptic terminal (axon bouton). * postsynaptic component separated by the synaptic cleft.
66
When an action potential arrives in the presynaptic axon terminal:
* Neurotransmitter molecules are released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. * There, they bind to specific receptors. * This results in a chemical or electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.
67
Postsynaptic current causes....
excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential that changes the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.
68
LTP as a Model for Studying Memory Raises Two Questions
Synaptic changes that produce LTP? * A heated debate centered on two general possibilities: LTP is the result of: (1) presynaptic changes that increase the release of glutamate, or (2) postsynaptic changes that increase the postsynaptic neuron’s sensitivity to glutamate. * While not denying that there can be presynaptic changes, it is safe to assume that important postsynaptic changes are essential to LTP (Nicoll, 2017; Vincent-Lamarre et al., 2018).
69
Ionic receptors are located
in the plasma membrane
70
when a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor...
the channel or pore opens and allows ions such as Na and Ca to enter the cell
71
Three types of glutamate receptors
AMPA NMDA KAINATE
72
AMPA and NDMA receptors are located where and what is the purpose?
in dendritic spines plays a key role in induction and expression of LTP
73
What happens when glutamate binds to these receptors?
their channels open and positively charged ions in the extracellular fluid (Na and Ca) enter the neuron
74
What can be used to enhance (agonist) or inhibit (antagonist) receptor function?
Pharmalogical Agents
75
True or False: (A) The NMDA receptor binds to glutamate. It also binds to Mg2+ (sometimes called the magnesium plug) because Mg2+ binds to the NMDA channel.
True
76
Opening of NMDA receptor requires two events
1. ligand-gated 2. volate dependent
77
Ligand-gated
glutamate must bind to the receptor, and
78
Voltage Dependent
the cell must depolarize. When this happens, the magnesium plug is removed and Ca2+ can enter the cell.
79
A single cascade is initiated when a __________ an extracellular substance, such as a neurotransmitter (ex. glutamate) or a hormone binds to a cell surface receptor and initiates intracellular activity
first messenger
80
What is the second step in the cascade?
Second messengers
81
what are second messengers?
molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target intracellular protein kinases and phosphatases that then target other proteins.

PSYCH 325 (7 decks)

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