Neurosensory and Neuromotor Organization

Question 0

Proprioceptors

Answer 0

provides sensory info about deep sensation from the skin, muscles, joints, inner ear

Question 1

Exterocepters

Answer 1

sight, sound, smell, cutaneous sensation (sensation localized on the skin)

Question 2

Interoceptors

Answer 2

transmits impulses from the viscera

Question 3

Agnosia

Answer 3

inability to interpret a stimulus and recognize it

Question 4

Hypoesthesia

Answer 4

decreased tactile sensation

Question 5

Anesthesia

Answer 5

complete loss of tactile sensation

Question 6

Atopognosis

Answer 6

inability to localize touch (parietal lesion)

Question 7

2 point discrimination

Answer 7

move 2 points farther and farther apart. Looking for when the person can tell you it is 2 points. parietal lesion

Question 8

Hyperalgesia

Answer 8

increased pain, tenderness

Question 9

Analgesia

Answer 9

complete loss of pain sensibility

Question 10

Stereognosis

Answer 10

ability to perceive weight, form, details of body by touch

Question 11

Astereognosis

Answer 11

inability to recognize common objects by touch (specific to common objects)

Question 12

Premotor area

Answer 12

bilateral postural fixation; recieves information from prefrontal cortex (intention) and parietal lobe (tactile and visual signals); responds mostly to EXTERNAL CUES

Question 13

Supplementary motor area

Answer 13

motor planning, preprogramming movement sequences ALREADY IN motor memory; responds to mostly INTERNAL CUES

Question 14

Pyramidal system

Answer 14

major voluntary pathway for movement, considered direct activation, monosynaptic and therefor FAST

Question 15

extrapyramidal system

Answer 15

indirect activation pathway - regulates reflexes, maintains posture and tone, subconscious, integrates many muscles, inhibitory effect

Basil ganglia and other subcortical nuclei

Question 16

UMN

Answer 16

Upper motor neurons (CNS)

Question 17

LMN

Answer 17

lower motor neurons (FCP) (PNS)

Question 18

FCP

Answer 18

final common pathway

Question 19

paralysis

Answer 19

loss of motor movement

Question 20

Hemiparalysis/plegia

Answer 20

half (left of right) loss of motor movement

Question 21

bilateral innervation

Answer 21

movement is executed/recieves info/commands from both sides of the brain

Question 22

unilateral innervation

Answer 22

movement in executed/recieves info/commands from one side of the brain

Question 23

Contralateral innervation

Answer 23

movement in executed/recieves info/commands from one side of the brain but it is the opposite side

Question 24

Corticopontine

Answer 24

cortex -- pons Pyramidal type and strength of motor impulse generated in cortex

Question 25

reticulospinal tracts

Answer 25

reticular formation -- spine extrapyramidal maintain flexor/extensor muscle tone to sustain posture and gait; stabilize proximal body parts for platform

Question 26

vestibulospinal tract

Answer 26

``` vestibular system (inner ear) -- spine extrapyramidal maintain antigravity tone to sit, stand, maintain non-horizontal posture; fall prevention ```

Question 27

rubrospinal tract

Answer 27

portion of the cerebellum -- spine pyramidal motor correction

Question 28

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

Answer 28

- place child supine and turn head to one side, then the other - the extremities on chin side should extend, corresponding flexion on contralateral extremities - should not be present beyond 8th-9th month

Question 29

Hypertonia

Answer 29

increased tone, resistance to movement

Question 30

Hyperflexia

Answer 30

exaggerated muscle stretch reflex

Question 31

babinski sign

Answer 31

extensor plantar sign (the release of cortical inhibition) the ability to suppress reflexes

Question 32

clonus

Answer 32

hyperactive muscle stretch reflexes associated with spasticity showing sustained series of rhythmic beats/jerks when trying to extend muscle

Question 33

Denervation

Answer 33

when neural impulse not transmitted to muscle resulting in hypotonia

Question 34

Hypotonia

Answer 34

reduced tone (fibrilations fasiculations)

Question 35

Hyporeflexia

Answer 35

reduced reflex response

Question 36

Apraxia

Answer 36

disorder in performing voluntary learned motor acts (limbs, ideomotor)

Question 37

Alpha motor neuron

Answer 37

extrafusal fibers (these contract) Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Question 38

Gamma motor neuron

Answer 38

intrafusal fibers attached to extrafusal fibers muscle spindle