Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

TOX 4000 Medical Toxicology > Neurotoxicology > Flashcards

Neurotoxicology Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what part of the body is CNS

A

brain, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what part of the body is PNS

A

nerves, ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what part of the body is ENS

A

digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does brain step and midbrain control

A

blood pressure and respiration, visual and auditory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does cerebellum do

A

posture and coordination of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does diencephalon do

A

Thalamus: relays infomation to and from cortex
Hypothalamus: hormone secretion and autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the cerebral hemispheres do

A

Cerebral cortex: perception, cognition, memory
Hippocampus: learning and memory
Basal Ganglia: assists cortex with motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is BBB made of

A

endothelial cells and astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what chemicals is the nervous system vulnerable to

A

lipophilic chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is neuron loss permaneny

A

neurons do not divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is neuronopathy

A

damage to the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examples of chemicals that lead to neuronopathy

A

methylmercury, MPTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is axonopathy

A

damage to neuronal axons and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is proximal axonopathy

A

alterations in cell body and adjacent axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is distal axonopathy

A

alteration in terminal axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

examples of chemicals that lead to axonopathy

A

acrylamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is myelinopathy

A

damage to myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is affected in central myelinopathies

A

oligodendrocytes in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is affected in distal myelinopathies

A

Schwann cells in PSN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is indirect neurotoxicity

A

toxins in blood or damage to CNS vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

example of chemical that leads to indirect neurotoxicity

A

carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

example of chemical that leads to myelinopathy

A

lead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is synaptic and neuromuscular toxicity

A

alterations in neurochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

examples of chemicals that lead to synaptic and neuromuscular toxicity

A

tetrodotoxin, botulinum toxin, organophosphates, bungarotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
describe methylmurcury neuronopathy
- environmental exposure - bioaccumulates - lipophilic (enters CNS easily) - brain regions/neurons affected
26
methyl mercury toxicity is not correlated with?
cellular accumulation
27
how does methyl mercury bind
covalently binds -SH groups
28
what are the changes observed with methylmercyry toxicty
- glycolysis - neurotransmitter release/reuptake - mitochondrial respiration - oxidative stress - protein and nucleic acid synthesis
29
what does increased oxidative stress lead tp
- impaired GSH antioxidant system | - generation of reactive oxygen species
30
altered membrane potential involves what molecules
Na/K
31
ATPase contains how many SH groups
2
32
what is the role of Na/K/ATPase
- maintains neuronal cell potential
33
what is Na/K/ATPase inhibited by
MeHg (methylmurcury
34
What does methyl mercury do regarding cell potential
leads to increased NA concentration in the cell | which leads to increase n calcium and subsequent neurotransmitter release
35
what is the selective neuronopathy of methyl mercury neurotoxicity in adults
cerebellum and visual cortex affected | - cerebellar granule cells particularly vulnerable but with increased exposure other neurone also die
36
describe how the cortex if affected with methyl mercury neuronopathy in adults
peripheral vision disturbance and blindness
37
describe how the cerebellum is affected with methyl mercury neuronopathy in adults
ataxia, general incoordination, loss of sensation
38
describe how basal ganglia are affected with methyl mercury neuronopathy in adults
tremors, chorea, intellecutual impairment
39
describe how a fetus in utero is affected by methyl mercury neurotoxicity
- delayed growth/development - impaired movement - intellectual disability - cerebral palsy
40
what is MPTP
a contaminant of synthetic heroin
41
how is MPTP transported
transported into neurons via dopamine transporter
42
where does MPTP metabolize
in astrocytes
43
effects of an acute high dose fo MPTP
loss of single population of neurons= imbalance of pathway | = paralysis, akinesia
44
effect of lower dose of MPTP
delayed development of parkinsonism
45
what is the primary site of toxicity of axonopathies
the axon
46
what is the role of an axon
communicate with neurons and tissues; electrical impulses, transport of molecules to and from cell body
47
explain how fast transport of axons goes
bi-directional movement of membrane associated materials
48
explain slow axonal transport
primarily anterograde transport of cytoskeletal proteins
49
what is 2,5-hexanedione
neurotoxic metabolite of n-butyl-ketone and n-hexane
50
what are the symptoms of 2,5-hexanedione toxicity
swelling and neurofilament accumulation in distal axon
51
accumulation of neurofilaments in distal axon is a symptom of what
2,5-hexanedione toxicity
52
how does 2,5-hexanedione cause neurofilament accumulation in distal axon
there is no change in neurofilament synthesis but transport is accelerated which leads to accumulation within the distal axon
53
what is acrylamide
polymer used industrially and in laboratories
54
what is the main symptom of acrylamide toxicity
distal axon degeneration | - with prolonged exposure, dying back of axon occurs
55
explain the mechanism of action of acrylamide toxicity
- binds SH group on tubulin= microtubule disassembly | - minor swelling and neurofilament accumulation in distal axon
56
can a single dose of acrylamide affect you
can affect retrograde axonal transport without producing structural changes
57
what does acrylamide inhibit
- kinesin | - fast transport proteins
58
what is the main symptom of lead toxicity in adults
myelinopathy | - peripheral motor axons predominantly affected
59
how does lead toxicity
mimics ca2+ and interferes with Schwann cell Ca2+ transport | - accumulates in and damages mitochondria, depletes GSH (glutathione)
60
what happens initially with lead toxicity in adults
segmental demyelination
61
what happens eventually with lead toxicity in adults
wallerian axonal degredation
62
what are the symptoms of lead toxicity in children
cognitive decline - impaired learning and memory - tremors, ataxia, blindness, seizures
63
what if children are acutely exposed to a massive dose of lead
cerebral edema due to damage of microvascular endothelial cells
64
how does tetrodotoxin work
reversibly binds Na+ channel and prevents conduction of nerve impulse
65
what are the initial symptoms of tetrodotoxin
tingling around mouth, dizziness
66
what are the later symptoms of tetrodotoxin
ataxia, convulsions, respiratory paralysis, death
67
where does the botulinum toxin come from
bacteria
68
how does botulinum toxin work
irreversibly binds to SNARE proteins in peripheral cholinergic synapses and then decreases ACh release
69
what are the symptoms of botulinum toxin
progressive limb paralysis, difficulty swallowing, respiratory paralysis and death

TOX 4000 Medical Toxicology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions