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Neuroscience I > Neurotransmitter Systems Lecture (Dr. Karius) > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems Lecture (Dr. Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced almost exclusively in the MIDLINE RAPHE NUCLEI?

A
  • Serotonin
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2
Q

An autoimmune response that destroys the neurons of the TUBEROMAMMILLARY NUCLEUS is most likely to directly DECREASE release of which Neurotransmitter?

A
  • Histamine
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3
Q

What is the Correct order of Synthesis of the Monamines derived from Tyrosine?

A

1) Dopamine
2) Norepinephrine
3) Epinephrine

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4
Q

Neurons which release which Neurotransmitter as their Primary Transmitter are also likely to release measurable quantities of DOPAMINE and NOREPINEPHRINE?

A
  • EPHINEPHRINE
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5
Q

Dopamine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:

  • Basal Ganglia
  • VTA

FUNCTIONS:

  • Motor Control
  • Pleasures
  • Consciousness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- D1, D2, D3

OTHER
- TYROSINE Derivative

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6
Q

Norepinephrine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Pons/ Brainstem

FUNCTIONS:
- Wakefulness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- ALPHA and BETA Adrenergics

OTHER
- TYROSINE Derivative

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7
Q

Epinephrine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Brianstem

FUNCTIONS:
- Wakefulness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- ALPHA and BETA Adrenergics

OTHER
- TYROSINE Derivative

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8
Q

Serotonin

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Brainstem (RAPHE NUCLEUS)

FUNCTIONS:
- Mood, Wakefulness

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- 5HT3 (VOMITING)

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- Multiple: 5HT6 (MOOD)

OTHER
- TRYPTOPHAN Derivative

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9
Q

Histamine

A

CENTRAL LOCATION:
- Hypothalamus

FUNCTIONS:
- Waking

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- None

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS:
- H1 and H2

OTHER
- HISTIDINE Derivative

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10
Q

Acetylcholine: Central Location

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pond
  • The Striatum
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11
Q

Acetylcholine: General Functions

A
  • Crucial in producing Consciousness, but not awareness (Brain AROUSAL Mechanisms)
  • Control of VOLUNTARY MOTION
  • Initiation of REM Sleep
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12
Q

Acetylcholine: Vesicular Storage

A
  • ACh sotred in CLEAR VESICLES

- Moved into Vesicles by the Vesicular ACh Transporter Protein (VAChT)

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13
Q

Acetylcholine: Catabolism

A
  • ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (Aka true or specific Cholinesterase) is bound to the Post-Synaptic Cell Membrane
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14
Q

Acetylcholine Receptors

MUSCARINIC

A

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS:
- Four or Five different types, all activated by MUSCARINE

  • SERPENTINE Receptors
  • G Protein Coupled

Receptors:
1) M1 (Neuronal): INCR IP3/ DAG (Gq) —> INCR Ca2++

2) M2 (Cardiac): DECR cAMP (Gi) —> INCR K+ Efflux
3) M3 (Smooth Muscle of Bronchi, Vasculature; Endothelial Cells of Vasculature (NO)): INCR IP3/ DAG (Gq) —> INCR Ca++
4) M4 (Glands): DECR cAMP
5) MARKGENDI5: INCR IP3/ DAG

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15
Q

Acetylcholine Receptors

NICOTONIC

A

Nicotinic Receptors:

  • Located at:
    a) NMJ
    b) Autonomic Ganglia
    c) Other parts of the CNS

5 Subunits: (16 Genes)

  • Alpha (1 - 9 Genes)
  • Beta (2 - 5 Genes)
  • Gamma (1 Gene)
  • Delta (1 Gene)
  • Epsilon (1 Gene)

**CHANGING the SUBTYPES changes the way the Channel Behaves!!!!!!

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16
Q

Nicotinic Receptor Description

A
  • Nicotinic Receptors are INOTROPIC and allow for SODIUM ENTRANCE, although some Neuronal forms allow for Significant Ca++ INFLUX!!!!!
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17
Q

Excitatory Amino Acids

A
  • Glutamate
  • Aspartate
  • Taurine
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18
Q

Inhibitory Amino Acids

A
  • GABA (Gamma- Amino Butyric Acid)

- Glycine

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19
Q

Location of GABA

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Cortex
  • Retina
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20
Q

Functional Roles of GABA

A
  • MAJOR INHIBITORY Neurotransmitter in the HIGHER CNS
  • Critical for producing Consciousness/ Awareness (BRAIN AROUSAL MECHANISMS)
  • Control fo VOLUNTARY MOTION
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21
Q

How is GABA Made?

A
  • Glutamate DECARBOXYLASE (GAD)

- Derived from GLUTAMATE

22
Q

How is GABAs action Limited?

A
  • REUPTAKE

- Catabolism by GABA-TRANSAMINASE

23
Q

GABA Receptors

A

1) GABA a

2) GABA b

24
Q

GABA a Receptor

A
  • Inotropic
  • 5 Subunits
  • CHLORIDE CONDUCTANCE
  • BENZODIASEPINE Site POTENTIATES!!!!!!!!!
25
GABA b Receptor
- Serpentine - HETERODIMER G protien (Gi and Gq) - DECR Adenylyl Cyclase -----> INCR K+ Efflux - DECR IP3/ DAG ----> DECR Ca++ Influx - End Result: HYPERPOLARIZATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
26
GABA Receptors and General Anesthetics
- A large number of GABA Receptors (Mostly GABA a) have been fousn at Extra-Synaptic locations throughout the Cortex. They appear to be activated by "Free Floating" GABA - Many General Anesthetics are now postulated to produce Anesthesia by activating THESE RECEPTORS
27
Locations of Glycine
- SPINAL CORD!!!!!!! - Brianstem - Forebrain (Less than GABA)
28
General Functions of Glycine
- Mediates many Spinal Inhibitions (Reflexes and their Modification)
29
Glycine Receptors
- Inotropic - PENTAMER - Alpha Subunit: GLYCINE BINDING - Beta Subunit is STRUCTURAL - CHLORIDE CHANNEL - Blocked by STRYCHNINE!!!!!!!!!
30
Opioid Peptides
** These Neurotransmitters are peptides coded for by Genes - Tachykinins (Includes Substance P) - OPIOIDS!!!!!! - ENDOCANNABINOIDS!!!!!!! - Somatostatin - CCK - CGRP
31
Neurotransmitters Released from Opioids
1) ENDORPHINS (Endogenous Morphines) 2) ENKEPHALINS 3) DYNORPHINS 4) Nociceptin
32
Opioid Locations
- Basal Ganglia - Hypothalamus - Parabrachial Nuclei and Raphe Nuclei
33
General Functions of Opioids
- Modification of NOCICEPTIVE INPUTS (Neurophysiology of PAIN) - Modification of Mood/ Affect (LIMBIC SYSTEM)
34
Opioids are based on 4 Precursor Molecules
1) PROENKEPHALIN (Tyr- Gly - Gly - Phe - X) a) Met- Enkephalin b) Leu - Enkephalin 2) PRO- OPIOMELANOCORTININ (POMC) - Beta Endorphins 3) PRODYNORPHIN - 3 Molecules of Leu-Enkephalin - Dynorphins (1-8 and 1-17) 4) ORPHANIN FQ (Aka Nociceptin)
35
How are Opioids made?
- Since peptide, coded and created via DNA/ RNA/ Protein Synthetic Machinery
36
How to we limit the action of Opioids?
* ** ENZYMATIC, possible after REUPTAKE - Enkephalinase A and B - Aminopeptidase
37
Opioid Receptors
1) Mu Receptors 2) Kappa Receptors 3) Delta Receptors
38
Mu Receptors
- Serpentine Receptor - ANALGESIA (Pain) - RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION - EUPHORIA - Sedation - Constipation
39
Kappa Receptors
- Serpentine Receptor - ANALGESIA (Pain) - Diuresis - Miosis (Eye Drooping) - DYSPHORIA
40
Delta Receptors
- Serpentine Receptor | - ANALGESIA
41
Opioid Receptor Conclusion
- They are all SERPENTINE Receptors and INHIBIT ADENYLYL CYCLASE Indirect Ion Effects: 1) Mu: INCR K+ Efflux and Hyperpolarize 2) Kappa and Delta: DECR Calcium
42
Endocannabinoids
1) ANANDAMIDE: - "Bliss" - Arachidonic Acid + Ethanolamine 2) 2- ARACHIDONYLGLYCEROL - Arachidonic Acid esterified into he middle (#2) position of Glycerol
43
Endocannabinoid Locations
1) Hippocampus: MEMORY Formation 2) BASAL GANGLIA: AFFECT MOTOR!!!!!!!!!! 3) SPINAL CORD: MODULATION of NOCICEPTION!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4) Neocortex: Neuroprotective?
44
Endocannabinoid Receptors
1) CB-1 | 2) CB-2
45
CB-1 Receptor
- Axons and PRESYNAPTIC Terminals of EAA and GABA Synapses - Gi Protein-Coupled Receptor - Reduced Neurotransmitter Release - Binds to either ANADAMINE or 2-AG well!!!!!!
46
CB-2 Receptor
- Found in BRIAN (Microglia, NOT Neuron) - IMMUNE SYTEM and GUT - ANTI INFLAMMATORY - IN Brain, cause MACROPHAGES to remove BETA-AMYLOID!!!!!!
47
Acetylcholine
CENTRAL LOCATION: - Pons/ Midbrain FUNCTIONS: - Wakefulness IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS: - Nicotinic (Sodium) METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS: - Muscarinic OTHER: - Separate from ANS
48
GABA
CENTRAL LOCATION: - HIGHER CNS FUNCTIONS: - Motor Control - Consciousness IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS: - GABA-A (Chloride) METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS: - GABA-B OTHER: - Extra Synaptic Receptors (Anesthetics)
49
Glycine
CENTRAL LOCATION: - Spinal Cord FUNCTIONS: - Almost ALL INHIBITION IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS: - Glycine (Chloride) METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS: - None to Date OTHER: - None
50
Opioids
CENTRAL LOCATION: - Hypothalamus/ Medulla FUNCTIONS: - Modulation of PAIN/ Production of PLEASURE IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS: - None METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS: - Mu. Kappa, Delta OTHER: - Endorphins - Dynorphin - Enkephalins - Nocicpetin
51
Endocannabinoids
CENTRAL LOCATION: - Multiple/ Wide Spread FUNCTIONS: - Modulation of Pain/ Neuroprotection IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS: - None METABOTRPIC RECEPTORS: - CB1 - CB2 OTHER: - Anandamide and 2-AG

Neuroscience I (18 decks)

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