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Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

How does Clostridium Botulism prevent the pre-synaptic terminal from signalling the post-synaptic terminal?

A

Binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors prevents the binding, docking and fusion of vesicles causing flaccid paralysis.

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2
Q

How does Clostridium tetanii cause uncontrolled muscle contraction?

A

Targets inhibitory Renshaw interneurons of the spinal cord

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3
Q

what type of receptor are nicotinic ACh receptors?

A

ionotropic, non-selective

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4
Q

What type of receptor are muscarinic receptors?

A

metabotropic

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5
Q

Name the agonists and antagonists for Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A

Agonist: ACh, nicotine
Antagonist: curare

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6
Q

Name the agonists and antagonists of muscarinic ACh receptors.

A

Agonist: ACh, muscarine
Antagonists: atropine, ipratropium

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7
Q

What is the clinical application of curare?

A

muscle relaxant: used in capturing prey and seizures

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8
Q

Where do nicotinic ACh receptors occur?

A

Skeletal muscle: nAChRm

Neuronal (CNS, PNS): nAChn

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9
Q

Where do muscarinic ACh receptors occur?

A

M2 receptors: heart

M3 receptors: bronchioles, destrusor muscle, salivary gland, pancreatic duct, GI tract, occular SM

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10
Q

What is the action of M2 muscarinic receptors of the heart?

A

decrease HR

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11
Q

What are the overall actions of M3 muscarinic ACh receptors ?

A

Increased secretion of salivary glands, pancreatic duct, gastric acid

Increased contraction of bronchioles, GI tract and ocular smooth muscle

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12
Q

How do organophosphates affect ACh?

A

Prevents termination of ACh by acetycholinesterase –> refractory depolarised state

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13
Q

What would be the effects of reduced ACh termination?

A

refractory depolarised state –> muscle: muscle tremors, stiff gate, muscle spasms

parasympathetic and central synapses: salivataion (M3), lacrimation (M3), pupillary constriction (M3), diarrhea (M3), bradycardia (M2)

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14
Q

How does curare affect ACh binding to the post-synaptic terminal?

A

competitively binds to ACh receptors and blocks receptors that have already been activated by ACh

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15
Q

What is the consequence of preventing ACh signalling at the post-synaptic membrane?

A

relaxation of skeletal msucle

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16
Q

What is the function of myasthenia gravis?

A

ACh receptor degradation: exacerbates conditions where ACh competitive agonists are present as in the case of curare

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17
Q

What is atropine typically used for in veterinary medicine?

A

treats bradycardia, AV block and organophosphate poisoning (acetycholiesterase degradation)

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18
Q

How does atropine induce tachycardia?

A

Competitive binding of M2 muscarinic receptors of the heart prevent binding of ACh and consequentially reduce parasympathetic stimulation of HR and contractility.

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19
Q

What is the function of glutamate?

A

main stimulatory neurotransmitter of the CNS. Acts in opposition to GABA (inhibitor)

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20
Q

How is glutamate synthesised?

A

1) excitatory amino acid trasnporters (EAATs) –> glutamine (glial cells) –> system A transporter (SAT2) –> pre-synaptic terminal –> glutaminase –> glutamate –> vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT) –>
2) glucose –> transamination of a-ketoglutarate ((krebs cycle) –> glutamate

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21
Q

Name the Ionotropic glutamate receptors.

A

AMPA

NMDA

Kainate

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22
Q

Name which ions pass through the ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA .

A

Ca influx
Na influx
K efflux

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23
Q

Name the general function of all glutamate ionotropic receptors.

A

excitatory stimulation (Na influx and K efflux)

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24
Q

What is the function of metabotropic glutamate receptors.

A

excitatory and inhibitory signals of post-synaptic vesicles

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25
What is the action of ketamine?
Binds to NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptor at PCP binding site causing inhibition of the excitatory signals (Na, Ca)
26
What is the function of Mg2+ at the NMDA glutamate ionotropic receptor?
Mg2+ acts as to block transmission during resting membrane potential therefore receptors are only able to be activated during states of depolarisation.
27
What is long term potentiation?
With continual Ca influx, synaptic connections between neurons become stronger mechanism underlying memory and learning
28
WHat are the consequences of excess glutamate?
Glutamate toxicity: activation receptors --> destruction neurons --> stroke
29
What causes excess glutamate?
reduced enzymatic decomposition increased glial cell uptake (EAAT) --> inflammation + further release glutamate pathologic conditions with inappropriate activation of microglia and astrocytes --> relelase glutamate
30
What is the function of GABA (y-aminobutyric acid/glycine)?
Reduces anxiety, stress and fear
31
How does GABA reduce anxiety, fear and stress?
signal inhibition in the brain --> calming effect + reduce hyperactivity
32
What are the precursosrs of GABA?
Glucose Glutamate
33
Where are GABA receptors located?
Brain and spinal cord interneurons incl cerebellum.
34
How do GABA ionotropic and metabotropic receptors differ in their ability to inhibit synapse signaling?
ionotropic: Cl- influx metabotropic: K efflux
35
How are GABA neurotrasnmitters terminated?
Na dependent co transporters at glial cells and pre-synaptic terminals
36
List the ionotropic and metabotropic GABA type receptors.
ionotropic: GABAa, GABAc metabotropic: GABAb
37
What is the function of dopamine?
motor control , | reward (addiction, arousal, motivation, memory, mood, attention)
38
How is dopamine synthesised?
tyrosine --> dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) | dopamine (hypothalamus)
39
How might inappropriate dopamine activity appear clinically?
Parkinsons disease Hypokinetic syndrome Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (cushings): reduced inhibition of ACTH
40
List the receptors for Dopamine.
D1 like: D1, D5 | D2 like: D2, D3, D4
41
What are the function of D1 like receptors (dopamine)?
``` Excitation --> activation adenylate cyclase --> cAMP activation --> PKA activation --> cAMP regulatory binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation --> CREB translocation to nucleus --> activation of CREB dependent trascription genes --> synaptic plasticity --> learning and memory ```
42
What are the effects of D2 like (dopamine) receptors?
inhibition of CREB activation pathways involved in memory and learning
43
how is dopamine neurotransmitters terminated?
presynaptic terminal: reuptake via dopamine transporters (DAT) post-synaptic terminal: conversion to HVA (homovanillic acid) diffusion into circulation: metabolised by hepatic monamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol O methyl trasnferase (COMT) into HVA
44
What is the function of noradrenaline?
attention, arousal, memory, learning, mood, anxiety, pain, sleep wake cycles.
45
How is norepinephrine synthesised?
tyrosine --> dihydoxyphenyllalanine--> dopamine --> norepinephrine
46
Name the receptors involved in noradrenaline.
a (adrenergic): a1, a2 subtypes b (adrenergic: G protein): B1, B2, B3 subtypes)
47
How is noradrenaline terminated?
pre and post synaptic uptake diffusion MAO and COMT metabolism
48
What is the formal name for serotonin?
5-hydroxytryptamine
49
Name the functions of serotonin
emotions, mental arousal, fullness (satiety) and motor behaviours
50
How is serotonin synthesised?
tryptophan --> 5-hydroxytryptophan --> 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
51
Are the receptors for serotonin mostly metabotropic or ionotropic?
metabotropic except HTH3 which is ionotropic
52
How is serotonin terminated?
serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT)
53
How do antidepressant drugs function?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) inhibit serotonin uptake by SERT
54
Name one compound used in antidepressants.
Fluoxetine hydrochloride (prozac)
55
What is the function of a2 adrenergic receptors at the sympathetic postganglionic neurons.?
presynaptic inhibition of noradrenaline release
56
Name where you might find a2 adrenergic receptors?
``` blood vessel SM adipose tissue sympathetic post ganglionic neurons sphincters urethra ```
57
Name where you might find B1 adrenergic receptors?
myocardium SA node Kidney
58
Name where you might find B2 receptors and what its function is?
relaxation: smooth muscle of bronchioles intestine some blood vessels (skeletal muscle)
59
Name where you might find B3 adrenergic receptors?
``` detrusor muscle (relaxation, enables bladder filling) adipose tissue (lipolysis) ```
60
What are the 5 categories of neuropeptides?
``` Brain/gut opioid pituitary peptides hypothalamic releasing hormones miscellaneous ```
61
What is a neurotrasnmitter from the brain/gut peptide group of neuropeptides?
substance P
62
What is a neurotrasnmitter from the opioid neuropeptide category?
endorphins enkephalins dynorphins
63
Name a neurotransmitter from the group of pituitary peptides.
ADH oxytocin ACTH
64
Name the neurotrasnmitters from the group of neuropeptides: hypothalamic releasing hormones.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) | Thyropropin-releasing hormone (THR)
65
Name a neurotrasnmitter from the neuropeptide group classed " miscellaneous".
angiotensin 2
66
How is Nitric oxide synthesised?
arginine converted to NO and citrulline via NO synthesase
67
How does NO function at the terminal membrane?
activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase --> cGMP --> protein kinase G
68
NO is stored in vesicles. T or F?
F: generated as needed
69
NO is released from the pre-synaptic terminal via Ca dependent exocytosis. T or F.
F: diffuses through lipid membrane.
70
NO decays spontaneously into nitrites, nitrates and O and H20 and therefore does not require enzymatic degradation. T or F.
T
71
NO does not interact with specific receptors and is therefore not confined to the post synaptic membrane. T or F.
T
72
NO acts as retrograde messenger: regulates function of axon terminals presynaptic to neuron in which produced. T or F.
T
73
Which receptors does Diazepam function on and what is its mode of action?
GABA | enhance mode of transmission --> trasnquiliser
74
Which receptor is involved in Xylazine and what is its action?
a2 adrenergic agonist --> presynaptic inhibition of noradrenaline release --> tranquiliser
75
Which receptor does Domperidone bind to and what is its effect?
blocks D2 receptor preventing fungus of fescue binding --> prolactin formation --> milk production

VET260 (4 decks)

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