Neurotransmitters

Question 1

what effects synaptic transmission and what it does

Answer 1

• type of cell terminating on
• type of chemical released
• types of neurotransmitter receptors on postsynaptic membrane

Question 2

what are ligand gated ion channels

Answer 2

• ion channels opened by binding of ligand
• Ligand is neurotransmitter
• channel opens and ions flow in or out

Question 3

what are G protein coupled receptors

Answer 3

• involved in areas of signalling other than synaptic transmission
• membrane spanning protein > interact w G protein

Question 4

Process of G protein coupled receptors

Answer 4

1. neurotransmitter binds to receptors
2. activates g protein
3. activates effector protein
4. effector protein makes second messenger
5. second messenger activates protein kinase
6. kinase activated wanted protein
   this results in response wanted e.g. closure of ion channel

Question 5

what is signal amplification

Answer 5

• small amt of chemical messenger produces a large response

e.g. in g protein coupled receptors, each stes activated multiple of the next step and recruits more each time to amplify signal

Question 6

what are the types of neurotransmitters and what do they do

Answer 6

adrenaline - fight or flight
noradrenaline - concentration
dopamine - pleasure
serotonin - mood
gaba - calming
acetylcholine - learning
glutamate - memory
endorphins - euphoria

Question 7

What happens if ACh binds to a nicotinic v muscarinic receptor

Answer 7

Nicotinic - ligand gated ion channel that lets Na+ come in and results in EPSP

Muscarinic - binds to G protein coupled receptors, closes K+ channels and slowly depolarises

Question 8

Which neurotransmitters reesult in fast transmission

Answer 8

Glutamate - fast EPSP
GABA - fast IPSP
Acetylcholine - fast EPSP

Question 9

Which neurotransmitters modulate

Answer 9

Serotonin - controlling mood
Dopamine - reward/pleasure
Noradrenaline - levels of alertness