neurotransmitters

Question 1

ionotropic NTs bind to what type of receptors?

Answer 1

ligand-gated channels

Question 2

metabotropic NTs bind to what type of receptors?

Answer 2

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 3

ligands

Answer 3

chemicals that bind to receptors

Question 4

endogenous ligands

Answer 4

neurotransmitters

Question 5

exogenous ligands

Answer 5

psychoactive drugs

Question 6

agonist

Answer 6

initiates normal effects on receptors

Question 7

inverse agonist

Answer 7

initiates NT effects opposite of normal function

Question 8

antagonist

Answer 8

blocks receptor from being activated

Question 9

major classes of NTs

Answer 9

acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, neuropeptides, soluble gases

Question 10

acetylcholine CNS functions

Answer 10

attention, learning, memory

Question 11

alzheimer’s disease associated with (high or low) (what NT)

Answer 11

low ACh

Question 12

acetylcholine PNS functions

Answer 12

muscle movement, some autonomic NS

Question 13

acetylcholine receptors

Answer 13

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 14

nicotinic receptors: what type of channel?

Answer 14

l-g Na+ channel (EPSP)

Question 15

nicotinic receptors: agonist

Answer 15

nicotine

Question 16

nicotinic receptors: effect what muscle?

Answer 16

skeletal muscle

Question 17

curare

Answer 17

antagonizes skeletal muscle

Question 18

muscarinic receptors: ionotropic or metabotropic

Answer 18

metabotropic (IPSP)

Question 19

muscarinic receptors: what NS response

Answer 19

parasympathetic response

Question 20

monoamines

Answer 20

modified from a single amino acid

Question 21

monoamines subdivisions

Answer 21

catecholamines and indolamines

Question 22

catecholamines subdivisions

Answer 22

dopamine, epinephrin and norepinephrine

Question 23

dopamine pathways

Answer 23

mesolimbocortical and mesostriatal

Question 24

mesolimbocortical pathway

Answer 24

reward center

Question 25

mesostriatal pathway

Answer 25

movement

Question 26

dopamine functions

Answer 26

movement, attention, motivation, learning, reinforcement

Question 27

dopamine receptors

Answer 27

all metabotropic

Question 28

dopamine related illnesses

Answer 28

parkinson's, schizophrenia, autism, ADHD

Question 29

epinephrine

Answer 29

adrenalin

Question 30

epinephrine and norepinephrine: CNS functions

Answer 30

arousal and vigilance

Question 31

epinephrine and norepinephrine: PNS functions

Answer 31

sympathetic function, epinephrine released as adrenalin

Question 32

epinephrine and norepinephrine: receptors

Answer 32

adrenoreceptors, all metabotropic

Question 33

indolamines subdivision

Answer 33

serotonin

Question 34

serotonin: functions

Answer 34

mood, social behavior, appetite, sleep

Question 35

serotonin: receptors

Answer 35

19 receptors, all metabotropic except 5-HT3

Question 36

serotonin: effects of antidepressants

Answer 36

antidepressants drugs block 5-HT reuptake to increase activity in cleft

Question 37

SSRIs

Answer 37

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 38

serotonin: hypothesis of depression

Answer 38

caused by low levels of monoamines, especially 5-HT

Question 39

serotonin: neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression

Answer 39

chronic stress and depression cause neuroplastic changes in limbic system

Question 40

serotonin: neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression (SSRIs)

Answer 40

increase 5-HT and brain derive neurotrophic factor

Question 41

brain derived neurotrophic factor

Answer 41

protein that promotes neuroplasticity and neurogenesis

Question 42

amino acids subdivisions

Answer 42

glutamate, GABA, glycine

Question 43

glutamate: excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 43

excitatory

Question 44

glutamate: receptors

Answer 44

AMPA, Kainate, NMDA

Question 45

AMPA

Answer 45

Na+ channel

Question 46

Kainate

Answer 46

Na+ and K+ channel

Question 47

NMDA

Answer 47

Ca++ channel, longer lasting effects

Question 48

glutamate: excitotoxicity

Answer 48

neural injury (stroke) causes an excess release of glutamate, which is toxic to neurons

Question 49

GABA: excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 49

inhibitory

Question 50

GABA: receptors

Answer 50

GABA(A) and GABA(B)

Question 51

GABA(A) receptor

Answer 51

ionotropic, fast

Question 52

GABA(B) receptor

Answer 52

metabotropic, slow

Question 53

GABA: target for what medications

Answer 53

anti-anxiety and tranquilizers

Question 54

tranquilizers

Answer 54

anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, pain

Question 55

GABA: related illness

Answer 55

schizophrenia, decreased GABA in prefrontal cortex

Question 56

glycine: excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 56

inhibitory

Question 57

glycine: location

Answer 57

spinal cord and brainstem

Question 58

neuropeptides subdivisions

Answer 58

endorphins

Question 59

neuropeptides: co-released with other NTs (effects)

Answer 59

modulates effects of other NTs, released at all parts of the axon terminal, enzymes destroy NP after release

Question 60

endorphins

Answer 60

endogenous opioid peptides

Question 61

endorphins: related functions

Answer 61

analgesia (pain relief), reward

Question 62

soluble gases subdivision

Answer 62

nitric oxide

Question 63

nitric oxide: location

Answer 63

produced in dendrites, diffuses as soon as it is produced

Question 64

nitric oxide: retrograde transmitter

Answer 64

diffuses backwards from postsynaptic to presynaptic neuron

Question 65

retrograde transmitter effects

Answer 65

activates second messenger pathways, modulates other NTs

Question 66

nitric oxide: process

Answer 66

1. activates NMDA receptors (Ca++) 2. protein cascades (postsynaptic neuron) 3. produces nitric oxide 4. releases more glutamate than normal (presynaptic neuron)