NEURULATION, NEURAL CREST FORMATION

Question 1

WHAT OCCURS AS THE NEURAL PLATE GROWS AND ELONGATES ALONG THE AP AXIS

Answer 1

IT ALSO ROLLS UP INTO THE NEURAL TUBE

Question 2

WHICH REGION OF THE NEURAL TUBE CLOSES FIRST

Answer 2

THE MIDDLE REGION CLOSES FIRST, THE A AND P REGIONS CLOSE AFTER

Question 3

WHAT CONDITION ARISES IF THE A REGION DOES NOT CLOSE PROPERLY

Answer 3

ANENCEPHALY

Question 4

WHAT CONDITION ARISES IF THE P REGION DOES NOT CLOSE PROPERLY

Answer 4

SPINA BIFIDA

Question 5

WHAT IS NEURULATION

Answer 5

FOMATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE FROM THE NEURAL PLATE

Question 6

WHAT IS MEANT BY POLARISATION IN RELATION TO THE NEUREPITHELIA

Answer 6

THERE ARE DIFFERENT ON THE APICAL MEMBRANE COMPARED TO THE BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE

Question 7

IN WHAT WAY IS NEUREPITHELIA POLARISED

Answer 7

ON THE APICAL MEMBRANE IS A BAND OF F ACTIN WHICH, WHEN MOLECULES INTERACT WITH IT, IT CHANGES SHAPE

Question 8

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A MOLECULE THAT INTERACTS WITH F ACTIN TO CHANGE SHAPE

Answer 8

FOLATE

Question 9

FOLIC ACID IS IMPORTANT FOR THE PREVENTION OF WHAT

Answer 9

SPINA BIFIDA IE CLOSURE OF NEURAL TUBE

Question 10

IN THE NEURAL TUBE OF AN EARLY EMBRYO WHAT IS EXPRESSED

Answer 10

DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WILL BE EXPRESSED ALONG THE AP AXIS
DIFFERENT SIGNALS ARE COMING FROM THE ANTERIOR ENDODERM, PRECHORDAL MESODERM AND NOTOCHORD

Question 11

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF AN EARLY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EXPRESSED AT DIFFERNT POINT OF THE AP AXIS OF THE NEURAL TUBE

Answer 11

OTX2  ANTERIORLY (TOWARDS BRAIN) 
GBX2 POSTERIORLY (TOWARDS SPINAL CORD)

Question 12

WHAT IS THE ACTIVATION TRANSFORMATION MODEL

Answer 12

1. INITIALLY ENTIRE NEURAL PLATE IS BRAIN LIKE UNDER THE INFLEUENCE OF THE AE AND PM
2. THE NOTOCHORD SIGNALS CAUSE CELLS POSTERIORLY TO PROLIFERATE AND TRANSFORM TO A POSTERIOR IDENTITY IE TURN ON THE TFS THAT DICTATE POSTERIOR IDENTITY

Question 13

WHAT ARE THE TF THAT ARE EXPRESSED ANTERIORLY (PM,AE) TO GIVE BRAIN LIKE IDENTITY

Answer 13

RETINOIC ACID ANTAGONISTS
FGF ANTAGONISTS
WNT ANTAGONISTS

Question 14

WHAT ARE THE TF THAT ARE EXPRESSED POSTERIORLY (AM/NOTOCHORD) TO GIVE SPINAL CORD LIKE IDENTITY

Answer 14

RETINOIC ACID
FGF
WNT

Question 15

HOW DO WE TRANSFORM THESE GRADIENTS OF TF INTO SEGMENTS

WHAT ARE THE TWO MODELS

Answer 15

1. ALAN TURING REACTION DIFFUSION MODEL

2. LEWIS WOLPERT FRENCH FLAG MODEL

Question 16

WHAT IS THE LEWIS WOLPERT FRENCH FLAG MODEL

Answer 16

THE GRADIENT OF A TF INDUCES DISCRETE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION THAT THEN DICTATE SEGMENTAL NEURONAL IDENTITIES ALONG AS AXIS

Question 17

WHAT DICTATES THE SEGMENTAL NEURONAL IDENTITIES ALONG THE AP AXIS

Answer 17

A GRADIENT OF RETINOIC ACID INDUCES DISCRETE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF HOX GENE TRANSCRIPTION

Question 18

HOW DO YOU CHANGE A DIFFUSION GRADIENT INTO DISCRETE UNITS

Answer 18

SPECIFIC CONCENTRATIONS ALONG AN AXIS WILL INDUCE DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Question 19

WHAT DOES INTERACTION OF HINDBRAIN AND FOREBRAIN CAUSE

Answer 19

AT THE BOUNDARY, MIDBRAIN CELLS ARE FORMED BETWEEN THE TWO

Question 20

THE FOREBRAIN (PROSENCEPHALON) FURTHER REGIONALISES INTO WHAT

Answer 20

TELENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON

Question 21

THE MID BRAIN (MESENCEPHALON) GOES ON TO PRODUCE WHAT

Answer 21

TECTUM

FIBRE TRACTS

Question 22

THE HIND BRAIN (RHOMBENCEPHALON) FURTHER REGIONALISES INTO WHAT

Answer 22

METENCEPHALON

MYELENCEPAHLON

Question 23

WHAT DOES THE TELENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

Answer 23

OLFACTORY LOBES
HIPPOCAMPUS
CEREBRUM

Question 24

WHAT DOES THE DIENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

Answer 24

RETINA
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 25

WHAT DOES THE METENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

Answer 25

CEREBELLUM | PONS

Question 26

WHAT DOES THE MYELENCEPHALON GO ON TO FORM

Answer 26

MEDULLA

Question 27

WHAT DOES THE NODE SECRETE

Answer 27

BMP ANTAGONISTS

Question 28

CELLS THAT RECEIVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME WHAT

Answer 28

NEURAL

Question 29

CELLS THAT RECEIVE 'SOME' BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME WHAT

Answer 29

NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS

Question 30

WHY DO CELLS THAT RECEIVE HIGH LEVELS OF BMP ANTAGONISTS BECOME NEURAL

Answer 30

DUE TO INDUCTION OF SOX2

Question 31

AS NEURULATION OCCURS WHAT BECOMES THE NEW ORIENTATION OF THE NEURAL PLATE CELLS

Answer 31

THEY WILL BECOME THE MOST DORSAL STRUCTURE

Question 32

WHAT DO THE NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS BECOME

Answer 32

ROOF PLATE

Question 33

AT THE BORDER OF THE NEURAL PLATE AND ECTODERM WHERE THERE IS 'SOME' BMP ANTAGONSITS, WHAT DOES THIS INDUCE

Answer 33

MSX

Question 34

WHAT DOES MSX INDUCE (ALONG WITH WNTS, FGF)

Answer 34

PAX 3 ZIC 1 PAX 7

Question 35

WHAT IS THE ROOF PLATE IMPORTANT FOR

Answer 35

DORSAL PATTERNING

Question 36

SOME NEURAL PLATE CELLS WILL MIGRATE AWAY BECOMING MESENCHYMAL TYPE CELLS CALLED WAHT

Answer 36

NEURAL CREST CELLS

Question 37

NEURAL CREST CELLS WHAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Answer 37

CMYC ID SNAIL

Question 38

WHAT IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF NEURAL CREST CELLS AS A RESULT OF CMYC ID AND SNAIL

Answer 38

STEM CELL LIKE BEHAVIOURS

Question 39

WHAT DOES CMYC DO

Answer 39

CAUSES PROLIFERATION

Question 40

WHAT DOES ID DO

Answer 40

CAUSES MULTIPOTENCY

Question 41

WHAT DOES SNAIL DO

Answer 41

IN HIGH CONC. CAUSES EPITHLIAL TO MESECHYMAL TRANSITION

Question 42

ONCE THE NEURAL CREST CELLS HAVE MIGRATED WHAT HAPPENS

Answer 42

THE NEURAL TUBE CLOSES

Question 43

WHAT DO NEURAL CREST CELLS GIVE RISE TO

Answer 43

SOMITES, SENSORY SYSTEM, SNS, PNS, ADRENAL SYSTEM, SMOOTH MUSCLE, OSTEOBLASTS, ADIPOCYTES, SCHWANN CELLS ETC

Question 44

WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF THEY PROLIFERATIVE NATURE OF WAHT WAS ONCE NEURAL CREST CELLS

Answer 44

MANY ADULT CANCERS DERIVE FROM THEM

Question 45

NEURAL CREST CELL TYPES ARE DETERMINED BY WHAT

Answer 45

POSITION OF ORIGIN (PARTLY HOX) TIME OF GENERATION MIGRATORY PATHWAY

Question 46

``` WHAT TYPE OF CELL DO TF PAX 3 ZIC 1 PAX 7 CHARACTERISE ```

Answer 46

NEURAL PLATE BORDER CELLS

Question 47

WNT SIGNALS AND NPB TF UPREGULATE WHAT TFS THAT CHARACTERISE NEURAL CREST CELLS

Answer 47

CMYC ID SNAIL