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Question 1

What is conduction?

Answer 1

Heat moves through solids by vibrating particles passing energy to their neighbors.

Question 2

What is convection?

Answer 2

Heat moves through liquids and gases by hot, less dense fluids rising and cooler, denser fluids sinking.

Question 3

What is radiation?

Answer 3

Heat moves by electromagnetic waves without needing particles.

Question 4

How do particles behave in solids?

Answer 4

Particles are tightly packed and vibrate to pass energy.

Question 5

How do heated particles behave in liquids and gases?

Answer 5

They move faster, spread out, become less dense, and rise.

Question 6

Give an example of conduction.

Answer 6

A metal spoon getting hot in a cup of tea.

Question 7

Give an example of convection.

Answer 7

Warm air rising from a heater.

Question 8

Give an example of radiation.

Answer 8

Feeling heat from the sun.

Question 9

What is a wave?

Answer 9

A wave is something that transfers energy but not matter.

Question 10

What is wavelength?

Answer 10

Distance between two similar points on a wave (e.g. crest to crest).

Question 11

What is frequency?

Answer 11

Number of waves passing a point per second.

Question 12

What is speed in the context of waves?

Answer 12

How fast the wave travels.

Question 13

What is amplitude?

Answer 13

Height of the wave from the middle to the crest; related to energy.

Question 14

What is the wave equation?

Answer 14

v = f × λ (speed = frequency × wavelength)

Question 15

What are transverse waves?

Answer 15

Waves where vibrations are perpendicular to the direction the wave moves.

Question 16

What are longitudinal waves?

Answer 16

Waves where vibrations are parallel to the direction the wave moves.

Question 17

How is a transverse wave modeled with a slinky?

Answer 17

Move the slinky side to side.

Question 18

How is a longitudinal wave modeled with a slinky?

Answer 18

Push and pull the slinky back and forth.

Question 19

What type of wave is sound?

Answer 19

Sound is an example of a longitudinal wave.

Question 20

What does pitch depend on?

Answer 20

Pitch depends on frequency; higher frequency equals higher pitch.

Question 21

What does loudness depend on?

Answer 21

Loudness depends on amplitude; larger amplitude equals louder sound.

Question 22

How do shorter strings or air columns affect pitch?

Answer 22

Shorter strings or air columns create higher frequency and higher pitch.

Question 23

What is the speed of sound in solids?

Answer 23

Sound travels fastest in solids because particles are closely packed.

Question 24

What is the speed of sound in liquids?

Answer 24

Sound travels slower in liquids than in solids.

Question 25

What is the speed of sound in gases?

Answer 25

Sound travels slowest in gases because particles are spread out.

Question 26

What does the electromagnetic spectrum consist of?

Answer 26

Waves that travel at the speed of light and do not need a medium to travel.

Question 27

What type of waves are electromagnetic waves?

Answer 27

Electromagnetic waves are transverse.

Question 28

What do electromagnetic waves consist of?

Answer 28

An electric field and a magnetic field at right angles to each other.

Question 29

List the types of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength from longest to shortest.

Answer 29

* Radio waves * Microwaves * Infrared * Visible light * Ultraviolet * X-rays * Gamma rays

Question 30

What is the law of reflection?

Answer 30

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.

Question 31

What is a plane mirror?

Answer 31

A mirror that produces regular reflection.

Question 32

What is a concave mirror?

Answer 32

A mirror that focuses light to a point.

Question 33

What is a convex mirror?

Answer 33

A mirror that spreads light out.

Question 34

What happens during refraction?

Answer 34

Light bends when passing from one medium into another of different density.

Question 35

How does light behave in a denser medium?

Answer 35

Light bends toward the normal.

Question 36

How does light behave in a less dense medium?

Answer 36

Light bends away from the normal.

Question 37

What is absorption?

Answer 37

When a material takes in light energy and converts it to heat.

Question 38

What is total internal reflection?

Answer 38

Occurs when light travels from a denser to a less dense medium and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.

Question 39

What are the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Answer 39

* Unicellular: one cell performs all life functions. * Multicellular: many cells specialized for different functions.

Question 40

How do body systems interact?

Answer 40

* Digestive system breaks down food. * Circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen. * Respiratory system brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. * Excretory system removes waste.

Question 41

What are the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Answer 41

* Nervous: electrical signals, fast, short duration. * Endocrine: hormones, slower, longer duration.

Question 42

What are specialized cells?

Answer 42

Cells with structures adapted for specific functions.

Question 43

What is the structure of a nerve cell?

Answer 43

* Long axon to carry signals. * Myelin sheath speeds up signal transmission. * Dendrites receive signals from other cells.

Question 44

What is homeostasis?

Answer 44

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

Question 45

What is the process of homeostasis?

Answer 45

* Detect a change (stimulus). * Respond to correct the change. * Return to normal.

Question 46

What do thermoreceptors detect?

Answer 46

Changes in temperature.

Question 47

What is the body's response to stimuli?

Answer 47

Stimulus → receptor → coordinator (brain/spinal cord) → effector → response.

Question 48

What are reflex actions?

Answer 48

Automatic, fast responses that bypass the brain.

Question 49

What is the structure of the eye?

Answer 49

* Cornea and lens focus light onto the retina. * Retina contains light-sensitive cells. * Optic nerve sends signals to the brain.

Question 50

How is sound transmitted to the ear?

Answer 50

Sound vibrations travel through the ear, striking the eardrum, which vibrates and is transmitted to the cochlea.

Question 51

What are the three main sections of the ear?

Answer 51

* Outer ear * Middle ear * Inner ear

Question 52

What is the function of the outer ear?

Answer 52

Collects and channels sound into the ear.

Question 53

What is the function of the middle ear?

Answer 53

Amplifies vibrations and passes them to the inner ear.

Question 54

What does the cochlea do?

Answer 54

Converts vibrations into electrical impulses.

Question 55

What is the function of the auditory nerve?

Answer 55

Carries electrical impulses from the cochlea to the brain.

Question 56

What does the pinna do?

Answer 56

Collects sound waves.

Question 57

What is the function of the eardrum?

Answer 57

Vibrates when sound waves hit it.

Question 58

What do the ossicles do?

Answer 58

Amplify and transfer vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

Question 59

What is the role of the semicircular canals?

Answer 59

Help with balance.

Question 60

What is the cornea's function?

Answer 60

Bends light to help focus it.

Question 61

What is the function of the aqueous humour?

Answer 61

Keeps the front of the eye moist and provides nutrients.

Question 62

What does the iris do?

Answer 62

Controls the size of the pupil.

Question 63

What is the function of the pupil?

Answer 63

Allows light to enter the eye.

Question 64

What does the lens do?

Answer 64

Focuses light onto the retina by changing shape.

Question 65

What is the vitreous humour?

Answer 65

A jelly-like substance that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

Question 66

What does the retina do?

Answer 66

Contains light-sensitive cells that convert light into electrical signals.

Question 67

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Answer 67

Carries electrical signals from the retina to the brain.