New Media & Media Convergence Flashcards

Question

HOW JOURNALISTS USE THE INTERNET

Answer 1

* (Almost) all journalists now use online tools for researching and reporting. * Websites are playing a significant role in delivering information to media. * Obtaining story ideas * Gathering images and other materials * Networking – Exchange of information

Answer 2

Journalists are increasing their use of technology: - More than two-thirds of journalists and newsrooms secure their communications. - More than half of journalists regularly use digital tools to fact-check information. - One-third of news organizations have dedicated factcheckers on staff. - More than twice as many journalists use social media verification tools today as did two years ago

Answer 3

1. Use Online, VJ… 2. Coding and Programming 3. Data Driven Journalism 4. Data Analytics 5. Drone journalism 6. AI: * recommendation technology * voice recognition * and media automation 7. Automatic text generation 8. AUTOMATED JOURNALISM

Answer 4

* Journalists are overwhelmingly more likely to use social media to engage and grow their audiences than any other tool * Only 11% of journalists use social media verification tools, though most (71%) use social media to find new story ideas. * More than half of journalists (54%) and newsrooms (52%) fail to secure their communications.

Answer 5

“Technological determinism” Technology as cause E.g.: the introduction of the Internet has resulted in new forms of political participation. “Symptomatic technology” Technology as symptom, as byproduct of social change E.g.: the Internet is the result of the emergence of a social need for new forms of public spheres. Study of technology and society as things that are in constant relationship with each other (technology not isolated)

Answer 6

1. Shaping the content we consume significantly 2. Strengthening democracy 3. Dissemination of false information 4. Questioning the sustainability (viability) of traditional media 5. Leads to a fragmented society 6. Worsened the quality of journalism

Answer 7

1. How journalists do their job 2. Nature of news content 3. Structure and organization within media companies 4. Nature of relations between and among news organizations and their publics

Answer 8

1. Creators: content creators, bloggers and influencers 2. Platforms: services and tools to build, distribute, and monetize content 3. Rightholders: music, video, movie, entertainment and digital content rightsholders - artists, musicians and labels, producers, publishers, authors

Answer 9

* Can the machine (AI) brain be more creative than the human brain? * What the human journalist must do to win the war with the robot journalist; * How the new automatic newsroom will look like, and how the new technologies including Immersive technologies (the Metaverse…) will affect journalistic story telling.

Answer 10

AI is frequently defined as the science of making machines do things as if they were done by humans [McCarthy et al., 1955].

Answer 11

Founding fathers of AI, John McCarty, Herbert Simon, and Marvin Minsky, since the 1950s and early 1960s, predicted that all the problems of AI would be resolved within 20 years. 70 years later, despite important recent developments in deep learning and neural networks, everyone realizes that the human brain is far more complex than was presumed [Knight, 2016]. AI philosopher John Searle claims that the artificial brain, which comprises electronic hardware, will never be able to fully emulate the biological activity of the human brain. Searle: AI algorithms can instruct computers to perform simple electronic activities, but computer algorithms cannot develop emotions [Searle, 2013].

Answer 12

* Robot journalism is becoming more prevalent and sophisticated – machines capable of generating news articles and other content at increasing speeds and accuracy. * Advancements in AI and natural language processing are driving this trend – software programs now are able to analyze data, identify trends, and create news stories on their own.

Answer 13

* Ability to generate large amounts of data-driven stories quickly and efficiently. * These stories can be particularly useful for covering routine topics such as financial reports or sports scores, weather forecasts; relieve human reporters to focus on more complex and nuanced issues.

Answer 14

* Generating original or investigative stories that require human judgement and perspective. * Human journalists remain critical to the industry, bringing a unique perspective and level of insight to their reporting. * Ethical responsibilities cannot be fulfilled by a robot

Answer 15

* Concerns about the future of human journalism will continue. * Opportunities for news organizations to leverage technology and enhance their coverage. * As technology continues to evolve, journalists must adapt and find new ways to stay relevant and valuable to their audiences. * This may involve developing new skills such as data analysis or multimedia storytelling, as well as maintaining a strong ethical framework and commitment to accuracy and truth-telling. ALEXANDR WANG CEO SCALE AI “Our mission is to accelerate the development of AI applications”

Answer 16

Profound transformation of content, largely enabled, if not driven, by technological change * Ascendancy of high-speed news: * increasing trend of online scoops & * tremendous growth of online publishing and of original content being published online * Changing nature of storytelling and presentation of news online: * The inverted pyramid news-writing style is being supplanted by immersive and interactive multimedia news reports that can give readers/viewers a feeling of presence at news events like never before.

Answer 17

It is engaging and in some way perhaps comes closer to the truth by removing one level of filltering - Disrupted traditional news inductry - Speed & Breaking News

Answer 18

Thousands of news sites maintained by classic news organizations (including newspapers, news magazines and broadcast/cable news providers) and online news providers → creation of a new global news marketplace. Growing diversity of news and other media at national and international levels → growing concerns about local news. Changing economics and technology of online news are reshaping the traditional separation of editorial and business functions in newsrooms → ethical concerns about the possible influence of advertising on editorial content.

Answer 19

- Online communication transformed the centralization and hierarchical character of the newsroom. - Newsrooms become flatter, especially in their online editions. - Increased communication between newsroom personnel and audience dramatically influencing story selection and coverage.

Answer 20

1. Traditional * Disseminate information primarily in the legacy formats of newspaper, television, print magazines, and radio. * Though these organizations may have a website or some digital presence, their primary platform is a traditional format. 2. Hybrid * Use a combination of traditional and digital formats. * Many hybrid organizations have transitioned from being traditional news outlets 3. Digital-only * Exclusively publish in an online format

Answer 21

Hybrid newsrooms are growing as traditional newsrooms shrink. Surprisingly, digital-only newsroom growth is flat or down everywhere except in East/Southeast Asia, suggesting that fewer online start-ups are launching. While most newsrooms continue to cut staff, nearly half of outlets with 25 or fewer employees have increased in size over the last two years. Most newsrooms are small. More than half of newsrooms have ten or fewer full-time employees. Digital-only organizations are the smallest, with 75% employing up to ten full-time staff. Freelancing has become prevalent as more journalists lose their jobs.

Answer 22

➢ Digital newsrooms enable journalists to take direct control over the process of producing ➢ Technology is affecting the centralization and hierarchical character ➢ More newsrooms become flatter in their structure ➢ Critics see technological change as a negative development that affects journalists’ ability to undertake his or her core function

Answer 23

Fundamentally reshaping of the relationships between and among news organizations, journalists and their many publics, including audiences, competitors, news sources, sponsors and those who seek to regulate or control the press.

Answer 24

Traditional relationship : “broadcast model of communication” : * a one (or few) to many communication flow with little feedback between source and receiver (or journalist and audience). * a relatively anonymous, heterogeneous audience. * Intent: persuasion and information. New relationship: a “two-way symmetric model of communication”: * with a much more balanced flow of communication. * no one group dominates the process of persuasion. Rather, all parties influence each other, at least to some degree. * development of civic or public journalism

Answer 25

The main functions of the gatekeeping theory are: - to limit the information - to expand the information - to reinterpret the information - setting agenda

Answer 26

*Position of Authority: * Community of bloggers, citizen journalists and activists

Answer 27

- observing what news passes through the gates of news and other organisations - hihlighting those news items which are of relevance to the community - making info available rather than producing and disseminating - adding commentary, analysis, and discussion to the news - involving users as producers - producers

Answer 28

1. What is the primary characteristic of network society? The emergence of microelectronic technologies. 2. According to Castells, what is the role of networks in a society? * Networks are a way to create more egalitarian societies. 3. What is the main challenge posed by network society? c. The fragmentation of society 4. What does Castells mean by the term "space of flows"? c. The interconnected, global spaces of the network society. 5. According to Castells, what is the impact of network society on social movements? c. Network society strengthens social movements by providing new means of communication and organization. 6. What is the difference between a network and a hierarchy? a. Networks are decentralized and flexible, while hierarchies are centralized and rigid.

Answer 29

- Invention of microelectronics and the IT revolution; - The crisis of industrialism in both capitalist and statist societies; - The profound cultural challenge culminating in the rise of social movements in the late 1960’s.

Answer 30

Information + Knowledge

Answer 31

1. A society whose social structure is made up of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies. (Castells, 2010) 2. A new form of society brought about as a result of several major social, technological, economic, and cultural transformations caused by the spread of networked, digital ICT.

Answer 32

* Social networks are not new; but in a network society they are driven by microelectronic communication technologies (for e.g., the internet and mobile phones). * Network society refers to the social structures of the information age which is dominated by decentralized networks rather than bureaucratic and hierarchical institutions.

Answer 33

*Networking logic: Can connect + Can operate *Networks do not have a center + no hierarchy *Networks do not have to be attached to geographical spaces

Answer 34

Positive Aspects More inclusive, can break down barriers, more equality (more egalitarian societies), new forms of collective action (strengthen social movements)… Negative Aspects Some are better connected, have more resources, more information, better skilled, more influence, fragmentation of society…

Answer 35

* All new forms of societal organization are only conditioned, not determined, by technology. * The key driver in the emergence of network society is technology, primarily new information and communication technologies * Society shapes technology according to the needs, values, interests, and identities of people who make use of it.

Answer 36

Stock Market Crash as a worldwide phenomenon: In 1987, Black Monday: a. the Dow Jones Industrials Average in Walls Street plummeted 508 points, losing 22.6% of its value in one day. b. all major world markets experienced a sharp decline, with worldwide losses estimated to US$1.71 trillion. In 2007, Shanghai’s stock exchange index fell 9 of its value in one day, triggering major drops in every other stock market in the world.

Answer 37

Changes in the way people interact with each other, organize themselves, and form relationships within society * Global perspective * Without boundaries

Answer 38

Networks are open structures, able to expand without limits, integrating new nodes as long as they are able to communicate within the network, namely as long as they share the same communication codes. [Castells (2010): The rise of information society. p. 502]

Answer 39

The space of flows refers to the technological and organizational possibility of practicing simultaneity without contiguity

Answer 40

The space of the network society is made of the articulation between three elements a. the places where activities (and people enacting them) are located, b. the material communication networks linking these activities, and c. the content and geometry of the flows of information that perform the activities in terms of function and meaning

Answer 41

The places * refer to physical locations or spaces where human activity takes place. * can include traditional physical locations such as offices, factories, schools and homes as well as virtual spaces such as online platforms and social networks. Examples: * an office building where employees work is a physical location. * a virtual community on social media such as Facebook or Reddit can be considered a "place" where people interact and perform activities.

Answer 42

The material/physical communication networks * refer to the infrastructure and technical systems that connect these places and enable the exchange of information. * include wired and wireless highspeed technologies such as fiber optic cables, satellite networks, cell phone masts and the Internet. Examples of communication networks: * the Internet, connects different physical locations and enables the exchange of information. * cell phone networks, enabling people to communicate with each other from almost anywhere.

Answer 43

The content and structure of the space of flows refer to a. the way in which information flows between different locations over the communication networks and b. the structure and pattern of these information flows. This can include the direction, intensity and importance of the information transfer. E.g., In an organization, information flows between different departments, locations and employees. The structure of these information flows can be hierarchical, when information flows from top to bottom, or network-like, when it flows back and forth between different teams and departments.

Answer 44

Network society is characterized by new social forms of time Timeless time occurs when the characteristics of a given context, namely, the informational paradigm and the network society, induce systemic perturbation (cause a systemic disruption) in the sequential order of phenomena performed in that context. (Castells, 2010, p.495)

Answer 45

+: More Connected productive accepting and open-minded society -: Overemphasis of technology Cultural Homogenization Aspect of equality

Answer 46

Today, virtually anyone with a computer and an Internet connection can reach not only a local audience, but a global one Traditional sources used by journalists can become content providers (even serving as primary news providers to the public, often bypassing the traditional news gatekeepers). Through their web sites, companies, not-for-profits and governmental agencies are all publishing information meant for direct consumption by the public as well as by journalists.

Answer 47

1. Journalists see it as their job to check and verify information (Watchdog function is becoming more important) 2. Journalists have more contact with their audience (Civic Function is expanded) 3. Personalization is on the rise (Infotainment function has changed) 4. Research shows that journalists are ‘anxious to emphasize’ that user-generated content cannot be a replacement for professional journalism 5. By maintaining their gatekeeping role, they try to retain control over the news process (how to cope with this?)

Answer 48

Con (meaning together) Verge (be close - border on smth)

Answer 49

"Media convergence is the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behavior of media audiences who will go almost anywhere in search of the kinds of entertainment experiences they want.“ (Jenkins, H. (2006)) Media convergence is a theory in communications where every mass medium eventually merges to the point where they become one medium due to the advent of new communication technologies. (Chakaveh, S., Bogen, M. (2007)) In a technological sense, media convergence is all about integration and interoperability; the coming together of computing networks, information and communication technologies, and digital forms of information that are inherently adaptable, delivered via ‘intelligent’ platforms, applications and devices.(Holliman, R. (2010)).

Answer 50

“Welcome to convergence culture, where old and new media collide, where grassroots and corporate media intersect, where the power of the media producer and the power of the media consumer interact in unpredictable ways.” (Jenkins 2006)

Answer 51

Media convergence transforms established industries, services, and work practices and enables entirely new forms of content to emerge. It erodes long-established media industry and content “silos” and increasingly uncouples content from particular devices, which in turn presents major challenges for public policy and regulation.

Answer 52

* “Old media[s] never die”. * Media will continue to grow in multiple ways through computing and communication. * “Media persists as layers within an ever more complicated information and entertainment system ... A medium’s content may shift, its audience may change and its social status may rise or fall, but once a medium establishes itself it continues to be part of the media ecosystem”.

Answer 53

- Increased competition (legacy media, alternative media, Blogger) - Erosion of revenue streams - Content creation and distribution changed (multi -platforms) Digital business model necessary

Answer 54

1. Cross-media advertising 2. Targeted & personalised campaigns 3. New channels for advertising 4. Niche markets 5. Audience fragmentation 5. Native advertising Look and feel of ads is similar to content

Answer 55

- New forms of storytelling - New ways to reach the audience - New tools (multimedia) - Disinformation - Verification (online sources) - Skills -Quality - Increased competition (companies + audience)

Answer 56

Demanding the right to participate Greater visibility +: ➢ Diversity of media content ➢ Media consumption on different devices/ platforms ➢ Interaction with content creators/ other users -: ➢ Amount of content available (what to chose) ➢ False information ➢ Online harassment

Answer 57

1. Privacy concerns + Data Protection 2. Complexity/Understanding of Technology 3. Regulation of new media forms 4. Media ownership concentration

Answer 58

- NEW WAYS OF CONSUMING AND SHARING MEDIA CONTENT – INNOVATIONS - NEW REVENUE STREAMS - COMPLEX REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS - USER-GENERATED CONTENT /DISINFORMATION - DATA PRIVACY - DATA SECURITY

Answer 59

1. Media companies tend to extend their reach (Top- down-driven): * mergers * niche markets importance * outsourcing * temporary connections * subcontracting -> 2. Democratization of Media use (Bottom-up-driven) * Crowd-sourcing * grassroots creative communities * Alternative media * UGC – activism

Answer 60

* Democratization of media – broadening of opportunities for individuals and grassroots communities * Consumers demanding the right to participate * Audience are not remaining hidden (e.g. YouTube) * Paradoxical insights: „Fewer and fewer“ multinational companies – but parallel development of deconcentration

Answer 61

When one particular device has many other features than its primary use. A device which originally had one primary purpose has evolved into doing similar tasks to other devices.

Answer 62

The horizontal integration of the entertainment industry. Large companies are taking advantage of the development of both new and old medias to increase their profit (e.g., “Harry Potter” is no longer just a book, but a multimedia franchise). More market share Economies of scale Synergies Challenges for new entrants Concernsregarding competition

Answer 63

“Consumers’ multitasking strategies for navigating the new information environment”. The influence of technology on the way people communicate, interact with each other and consume media. We’re really wired to be monotaskers, meaning that our brains can only focus on one task at a time, says neuropsychologist Cynthia Kubu, PhD. “When we think we’re multitasking, most often we aren’t really doing two things at once. But instead, we’re doing individual actions in rapid succession, or task-switching,” she says.

Answer 64

„We take control, of the media as it enters our lives.“ „Collective intelligence – where the group as a whole can put together knowledge in a more complex way than any individual member is capable of…“ „We are watching Big Brother every moment of the day.“

Answer 65

“The explosion of new forms of creativity at the intersections of various media technologies, industries and consumers. Media convergence fosters a new participatory folk culture by giving average people the tools to archive, annotate, appropriate and recirculate content. Shrewd companies tap this culture to foster consumer loyalty and generate low-cost content. Media convergence also encourages transmedia storytelling, the development of content across multiple channels. As producers more fully exploit organic convergence, storytellers will use each channel to communicate different kinds and levels of narrative information, using each medium to do what it does best.”

Answer 66

1. Media Convergence * Flow of content across multiple media platforms * Cooperation between multiple media industries * Migratory behavior of media audiences 2. Participatory Culture ▪ Relatively low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement ▪ Passive spectatorship to active participants 3. Collective Intelligence * Convergence occurs in the brains and through social interactions * Consumption has become a collective process

Answer 67

None of us can know everything; Each of us knows something; When putting pieces together- pool our resources and combine our skills Collective intelligence can be seen as an alternative source of media power

Answer 68

Consumers no longer dependent on the cultural products of big media businesses. More pluralism, more diversity, more grassroots creative power. Culture is made both by experts and non-experts. It’s all available on demand, in any place, at any time, and on essentially any device. → Creative audiences

Answer 69

The "Toffler Curve" Shorthand for the concept of the accelerating rate of change, and its distribution to humans and society

Answer 70

Old and new media have converged The 'Old' Media consumer + The 'New' Media Producer = The Media Procumer The audience is no longer consumer, but producer too.

Answer 71

1. How does convergence change how we relate to the media in general? 2. How does convergence change how we communicate with each other? 3. How does convergence change how we think of ourselves? 4. Can there be too much equality or too much freedom?

Answer 72

Privacy: private data being distributed and exploitable * your name, your pictures, your personal information being uploaded, watched, used * your location being known and surveilled * cyber-bulling: teenagers by peers, dissidents by governments… Reputation: Companies and brands fear losing control of the message, being judged without a trial, being lynched on the Internet. “The journatic scandal”

Answer 73

 … groups of people that evolve (come together) in response to issues, which are important for the individuals concerned. These individuals are the citizens that elect the state. (John Dewey, 1927) “For the most part we do not first see, and then define, we define first and then see. In the great blooming, buzzing confusion of the outer world we pick out what our culture has already defined for us, and we tend to perceive that which we have picked out in the form stereotyped for us by our culture.” (Walter Lippmann, 1922)

Answer 74

Human tendency: to view the world through “stereotypes” Construct an understanding of the world using partial truths. This makes them incompetent as directors of public affairs The modern world is too complex for ordinary citizens.  Conclusion:, the public’s opinion is unreliable, incoherent and thus irrelevant to the political process.  In other words, it is practically nonexistent.“

Answer 75

A domain of social life where public opinion can be formed. (Habermas, 1991, 398) A notional (or ficticious) ‘space’ which provides a more or less autonomous and open arena or forum for public debate. (McQuail, 2010, p.179) Also seen as a metaphor of network (of communication, of content and perspectives).

Answer 76

Public sphere is a “communication system that mediates between the citizens at the micro-level and the governmental system at the macro-level.” 1. citizens gain information on the governmental system and political decision-making 2. citizens’ interests are communicated and transmitted to the governmental system

Answer 77

open to all citizens; freedom to assembly; association and expression is guaranteed

Answer 78

- Transparency For the purpose of general transparency, the public sphere should be open for all social groups, topics, and opinions that hold collective relevance. - Validation To ensure collective validation, actors who participate in the public sphere should (have to) deal with topics and opinions of other participants, in order to (possibly) change their own standpoints. - Orientation Aim of PS is to provide orientation. Public discourse and public debate (which represent the process of communication) lead to public opinion

Answer 79

The media system is crucially important if the political public sphere is to fulfil its role in generating competing public opinions.

Answer 80

1. Digitalization 2. Transformed structure of media 3. Impacts on political process “Digitalisation transforms the structure of media with negative consequences for the political process.” (Habermas (2022): p.146)

Answer 81

***Habermas's Perspective***: - Critiques the transformation of the public sphere from egalitarian spaces (like coffee houses) to commercialized platforms. - Argues that modern media creates vertical relationships, undermining democratic participation. - Expresses skepticism about the Internet's potential to restore balanced public discourse due to existing biases and central narratives. ***Contemporary Challenges***: - The Internet presents both opportunities and challenges for public engagement. - Concerns about echo chambers and polarization affecting rational debate. - Ongoing exploration of how digital platforms can facilitate or hinder democratic processes. ***Public Sphere Development***: - Describes the emergence of a public sphere during the Enlightenment, characterized by rational debate in salons and coffeehouses. - Analyzes how this space has been transformed by mass media and corporate interests, leading to a decline in genuine public discourse. - Discusses the impact of the Internet on the public sphere, questioning its effectiveness in fostering rational debate. Initially, there was a more egalitarian public sphere in pre-industrial society, followed by a shift towards hierarchical structures during industrialization. The rise of welfare states aimed to address the inequalities and hierarchical influences in the public sphere. The advent of the internet has further transformed the public sphere by introducing new dynamics and challenges related to information dissemination, communication, and participation. 1. Internet and Public Discourse ***Effect on Public Sphere***: - Debate over whether the Internet enhances or divides the public sphere. - Concerns about traditional media narratives dominating online discussions. - Habermas's skepticism regarding the Internet's potential to restore balance in public discourse. ***Echo Chambers***: - Online spaces can reinforce existing beliefs, limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints. - Interaction speed and visual emphasis may polarize opinions and hinder rational debate. ***Rational Debate***: - The Internet's structure allows for less hierarchical interaction compared to traditional media. - Challenges remain in fostering meaningful dialogue amidst rapid information flow and emotional content. 2. Public Sphere ***Bourgeois Public Sphere***: - Defined by Habermas as a space dominated by the middle class, excluding the poor and uneducated. - Facilitated the rise of free speech and press, allowing public opinion to flourish. - Shifted towards hierarchical structures post-Industrial Revolution, diminishing egalitarian discourse. ***Impact of Capitalism***: Growth of capitalism led to increased government intervention and regulation. Created vertical relationships that stifled horizontal, egalitarian interactions. Advertising and public relations began to dictate public debates, prioritizing profit over rational discourse. ***Consumerism***: Consumer culture blurred the lines between public and private spheres. Mass media's influence shifted focus from rational debate to emotional appeal and consumer interests. Authenticity of earlier public spaces diminished under corporate pressures. ***Mass Media Influence***: Transitioned from interactive platforms (e.g., coffeehouses) to one-way communication models. Centralized control by media corporations limited diverse viewpoints and rational debate. Despite challenges, the Internet offers potential for a more accessible and horizontal public sphere, though it also risks creating echo chambers.

Answer 82

„Traditional“ Mediated Public Sphere: Physical forums, legacy media, and face-to-face interactions. Digital Transformation: Internet and social media platforms revolutionizing communication, enabling broader participation. Risk: Filter Bubbles / Echo Chambers

Answer 83

▪ The web seems to have contributed more to the emergence of "credulous democracies" than to "knowledge societies“ ▪ Social networks seem to promote the polarization of opinions rather than to allow for a better understanding of divergent opinions.

Answer 84

Echo chambers - Social environment Social interactions Filter bubbles - Personalized information received online

Answer 85

…are defined as “a bounded, enclosed media space that has the potential to both magnify the messages delivered within it and insulate them from rebuttal” (Jamieson and Capella 2008). … could concern any topic and could magnify any messages – ambiguous, benign, or malign; widely accepted or controversial; evidence-based or demonstrably false, and anything in between.

Answer 86

By “the public sphere” we mean first of all a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere comes into being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body. […] Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion — that is, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions — about matters of general interest. […] Today newspapers and magazines, radio and television are the media of the public sphere. […]

Answer 87

… is a sequence of instructions for performing a task. … … are step-by-step coded procedures that tell computers how to perform a given task or manipulate given data. A recipe is a real-life example of an algorithm: * The ingredients and instructions on the different steps are the algorithm´s input * The cake itself is the output

Answer 88

By default, social media algorithms take the reins of determining which content to deliver to you based on your behavior. For example, Facebook or Twitter might put posts from your closest friends and family front-and-center in your feed because those are the accounts you interact with most often. The internet is showing us what it thinks we need to see, instead of showing us what we need to see.

Answer 89

(1) If You Control the Menu, You Control the Choices (2) Put a Slot Machine In a Billion Pockets (3) FOMSI – Fear of missing something important (4) Social Approval (5) Social Reciprocity (6) Bottomless bowls, Infinite Feeds, and Autoplay (7) Instant Interruption vs. “Respectful” Delivery (8) Bundling Your Reasons with Their Reasons (9) Inconvenient Choices (10) Forecasting Errors, “Foot in the Door” strategies ______________ 1. Attention economy: where digital platforms compete for users' attention using persuasive and sometimes manipulative design techniques. 2. Ethical technology design: pushes to redesign of digital platforms to preoritize human well-being over profit-driven engagement. 3. Impact on society & culture: broader cultural & social impacts of converged media, such as spread of misinformation, erosion of privacy and increased social division.

Answer 90

1. You are losing your free will. 2. Social media is a BUMMER and quitting is the most finely targeted way to resist the insanity of our times. BUMMER= Behaviors of Users Modified, and Made into an Empire for Rent 3. Social media is making you into an asshole. 4. Social media is undermining truth. 5. Social media is making what you say meaningless. 6. Social media is destroying your capacity for empathy. 7. Social media is making you unhappy. 8. Social media doesn’t want us to have economic dignity. 9. Social media makes politics impossible. 10. Social media hates your soul.

Answer 91

Coined in 2012 by journalist Nonny de la Peña, IJ is defined: - as “the production of news in a form in which people can gain first-person experiences of the events or situation described in news stories”. - more broadly as “the use of immersive technologies in journalistic storytelling”. - is “an experiential approach that allows users to experience, and subsequently become immersed in, stories created not in the real world but in a virtual, augmented, or mixed reality”.

Answer 92

360-degree camera Augmented Reality (AR) Virtual Reality (VR)

Answer 93

* are made to feel as if they are present in a virtual place, allowing them to feel immersed in the content being shown. * are put within the content, can look around and walk through the visual content, and even interact with the story.

Answer 94

▪ VR enables the perception of a virtual, i.e. non-existent, reality. ▪ With VR glasses, the human eye is shown another world and the real reality disappears. ▪ This reality makes it possible to completely immerse oneself in another world.

Answer 95

- AR blends computer-generated information onto the user’s real environment. - It represents an augmented reality in which the real world is supplemented by digital content. - This enables both interaction with the real world and interaction with the digital elements.

Answer 96

Although the story is already organized by the journalist, viewers are given the chance to choose which direction to take to continue viewing the story, and thus, given more agency.

Answer 97

The article discusses how young individuals in the Macedonian town of Veles have created over 140 US politics websites, publishing pro-Trump content to generate revenue through ads. These sites produce sensationalist and often false content to attract clicks and engagement on Facebook, targeting conservative and Trump-supporting audiences in the US. The success of these sites in spreading misinformation highlights the economic incentives behind producing content for wealthy advertising markets like the US, particularly on platforms like Facebook and Google AdSense.

Answer 98

* News satire * News parody * News Fabrication * Photo Manipulation * Advertising and Public Relations * Propaganda

Answer 99

Disinformation: Information that is false and deliberately created to harm a person, social group, organization or country. Misinformation: Information that is false, but not created with the intention of causing harm. Mal-information: Information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, organization or country.

Answer 100

▪to make money ▪to have political influence, either foreign or domestic ▪or to cause trouble for the sake of it.

Answer 101

1. Satire or parody No intention to cause harm but has potential to fool 2. False connection When headlines, visuals or captions don't support the content 3. Misleading content Misleading use of information to frame an issue or individual 4. False context When genuine content is shared with false contextual information 5. Imposter content When genuine sources are impersonated 6. Manipulated content When genuine information or imagery is manipulated to deceive 7. Fabricated content New content that is 100% false, made to decieve and do harm

Answer 102

This photo was posted in the context of the migrant “caravan” in the US, but is actually a photo of Syrian refugees in Lesbos, Greece, from 2015. The original image was shared on Twitter by the photographer.

Answer 103

1. Consider the source Click away from the story to investigate the site, its mission and its contact info 2. Read Beyond Headlines can be outrageous in an effort to get clicks. What's the whole story? 3. Check the author Do a quick search on the author. Are they credible? Are they real? 4. Supporting Sources? Click on those links. Determine if the info given actually supports the story. 5. Check the date Reposting old news stories doesn't mean they're relevant to current events. 6. Is it a joke? If it is too outlandish, it might be satire. research the site and author to be sure. 7. Check your biases Consider if your own beliefs could affect your judgement. 8. Ask the experts Ask a librarian, or consult a fact-checking site.

Answer 104

Digital surveillance involves the monitoring and collection of individuals' online activities, communications, and data by governments, corporations, or other entities.

Answer 105

Journalists are faced with the exponentially growing challenge of securing: * Their communication with each other * Their communication with their sources and * The volumes of big data they store and analyse to produce public interest journalism.

Answer 106

Way for governments to assert power and control information flows through digital tools and the Internet.

Answer 107

Writers worldwide said that they avoided writing or speaking on a particular topic, or had seriously considered it, due to concerns about surveillance: * 34% of writers in countries classified as “Free” by Freedom House. * 44% of writers in countries classified as “Partly Free”. * 61% of writers in countries classified as “Not Free”.

Answer 108

***Election Influence***: Micro-targeting voters based on psychological profiles rather than broad demographic categories. Use of data analytics to tailor messages for individual voters, leading to fragmented societal understanding. Role of social media and digital platforms in disseminating targeted propaganda. ***Societal Change***: Cultural shifts are seen as precursors to political change; politics flows from culture. Importance of shared experiences and collective understanding in maintaining a functional society. Risks associated with fragmenting society through personalized messaging strategies. Cambridge Analytica Overview: Cambridge Analytica was a political consulting firm that utilized data harvesting and psychological profiling to influence voter behavior. It became infamous for its role in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, employing controversial micro-targeting techniques based on personal data obtained from social media platforms like Facebook. Psychological Profiling: Developed psychological profiles of voters to tailor political messages. Combined traditional micro-targeting with new psychological constructs. Focused on understanding individual susceptibility to specific types of messaging.

Answer 109

Traditional news outlets are on the decline Journalism has embraced digital media in its struggle to survive. New models of delivering news to the public are being explored in order to increase the levels of readership and user engagement.

Answer 110

1. Professional logic: regards audience as citizens 2. Commercial logic: regards audiences as consumers

Answer 111

Journalists must seek and have much higher standards than other information workers. Journalists are employing techniques such as verifying information before publishing, relying on more than one source, and being able to answer questions of when, who, what, where, why and how an event unfolded. Journalism as “as process of verifying, refining, and upgrading mere ‘information’ to useful and unbiased facts and analysis.”

Answer 112

Journalism represents a billiondollar industry. + Journalism has always had to relate and adjust to popular taste. = Professional logic is an ideal construct on how journalism should operate, while journalism in practice is urged to follow or influence market demand to be able to support its operations

Answer 113

Ideally, professional and commercial logic would work in tandem:

Answer 114

A slow, and sometimes faster, shift from harder to softer news, indicating that journalists are being forced to digress from the professional logic in favor of the commercial logic. Faced with this abundance of choices in the information environment, more people are decreasing their news consumption or are checking out from journalism completely.

Answer 115

"The use of game mechanics, feedback loops, and rewards to spur interaction and boost engagement, loyalty, fun and/or learning" (2006) "Gamefication adds game-like elements to activities that are not really games" (2014) "Gamefication is like social media, which is designed to compel the user to interact over and over again" (2013)

Answer 116

* To engage users to be informed, to be balanced, and to be consequential - a key requirement in a democracy. * As a tool to increase interest in and engagement with news. * As a tool to further transform and adjust journalism to the demands of the audience.

Answer 117

Games as means to engage the readers and create habit * Traditional newspapers: simple game-like pastimes such as quizzes, crosswords, or even sudokus * Legacy media: loyalty or rewards programs to tie down news readers (e.g., The Washington Post’s „PostPoints“) * Badges function as a graphical representation of a one-time achievement or a cumulative achievement of other metrics. An infamous use of badges in news gamified systems is that of Google News Badges.

Answer 118

Doing the right thing for the wrong reasons (Reward substitution) News games * engaged audiences to feel empathy for the real-life people involved in an event. * allowed players to feel an emotion more powerfully than any other medium, giving consequence to the topic at play and leading to deeper thinking about an issue.

Answer 119

Leaderboards include the social aspect to the gamified system, as they represent the user’s performance when compared to other users. Al Jazeera’s Pirate Fishing: An Interactive Investigation, is an example of a gamified news article transforming viewers into players to capture their attention.

Answer 120

***Social Innovation***: Games can teach social innovation skills. Collaboration with organizations like the World Bank Institute to certify players as Social Innovators. Encourages young people in developing areas to engage in social enterprise. ***Game-Based Learning***: Gamers spend significant hours playing, equating to a parallel education system. Skills developed through gaming include teamwork, resilience, and problem-solving. Emphasizes the importance of applying gaming experiences to real-life challenges. ***Community Engagement***: Games foster strong social bonds and trust among players. Collaborative environments enhance motivation and productivity. Players are empowered to tackle real-world issues collectively, leveraging their gaming skills for societal benefit.

Answer 121

Videogames are the type of new media that is reported to be majorly * engaging younger audiences, * and on its turn, distracting teens from civic media use.

Answer 122

Results on the effects of playing video games and the level of engagement of youth with news media and civic activities are ambivalent.

New Media & Media Convergence Flashcards

(159 cards)